Officer Fatigue Essay -- Police Departments, Moonlighting

Officer fatigue Officer fatigue can be a quite serious problem for police departments. Excess fatigue will generally reduce alertness, decrease performance and worsen mood. These symptoms can reduce officer's performance and safety with potentially life-threatening effects. Patrol officers are expected to remain alert and able to resolve complex, emotional, and potentially dangerous situations. They are expected to be able to multi-task, as well as stay alert during periods of inaction. These activities can be quite difficult for a fatigued officer to complete (Vila 1996). Community oriented policing efforts can be seriously compromised by officer fatigue with excess officer fatigue harming community-police relations (Vila & Taiji 1999). In several cases, the result of officer fatigue has been fatal both for the officer and for civilians involved in fatigue related incidents (Vila & Kenney 2002). There is not standardised or regulated method of controlling the time officers spend working as there is for pilots and truck drivers. As such, limited only be department policies, many officers will work enormous amounts of extra hours in overtime or moonlighting. There have been reports of officers in both Florida and Massachusetts working up 3,000 additional hours per year (Vila & Kenney 2002). In a study of the Jacksonville, Florida police department, the majority of officers were found to be moonlighting. Most of these officers moonlighted for ten hour or less per week. A number though worked over sixty additional hours per week, leading to average work weeks exceeding 100 hours. At the time, the department did not any polices restricting moonlighting hours. The then recently elected sheriff, reported planning to change this polic... ...ict of interest. While less likely to occur, a police officer moonlighting in certain medical fields or in some religious roles could conceivable create similar conflicts. Moonlighting officers will generally only respond to activity within their employer’s property. Many police state that they would intervene in some crimes such as robberies even if occurred outside their employed area, but said that they would leave most crimes to on-duty officers (Stewart 1985). This creates a situation that is both theoretically problematic and potentially harmful to the agency’s image. To the public, there is no reason why an apparently working officer in uniform should not be responding to ongoing criminal activity. The public sees only an officer not responding to a crime, the fact that they are actually moonlighting at the time and are not on-duty is lost on most people.

Sustainable Transport Policy

1. Developing Countries and Transportation Transportation in developing countries is considered to be a significant influence on major global issues, many of which are associated with the state of the environment and of human life. According to Gwilliam (2003), developing countries â€Å"are taken to be those that qualify as borrowing members of the World Bank, including the transitional economies†, but the developed countries â€Å"are taken to be the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries, excluding Mexico†. Cities within developing countries are different in their economic, political and demographic aspects. However, economic improvement can lead to growth in the road and transport infrastructure but vehicle ownership slows this rate (Gwilliam, 2003). The existing city structure and political history means that most of these cities are unable to provide efficient mass transports services due to â€Å"scatter pockets† (Gwilliam, 2003). The quickly increasing popul ation is related with a below average proportion of the land that is allocated for transport. Whilst other sectors, such as education and sanitation, improve with economic progress, transportation problems can be seen to worsen with economic development (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). It can be difficult to examine common urban transportation issues in developing countries due to the contribution of interlinked trends in its operations. For instance, one of the important trends is population growth; the population density rate in urban areas was almost 45% in 1995 and it is expected to increase to 60% by 2025; developing countries have a massive share of this rate of about 90% (Road Management & Engineering Journal, 1998). Furthermore, any increase in the population leads to an increase in transport problems, such as car ownership – which has risen in developing countries in recent years along with an increase in the number of personally owned cars; this also relates to economic growth (Gakenheimer, 1999). The number of vehicles with two or three wheels is also rising, especially in Asia (Gwilliam, 2003). These vehicles are characterized by easy mobility and affordability, but they are also a primary source of pollution (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). The absence of suitable public transportation to match the population growth is another issue. This failure to develop these services is associated to its contrast with capital costs. Hence, another phenomenon emerges which is a city’s sporadic growth without following a regular pattern. It makes it difficult for people to gain use from mass transportation and means that the city needs additional provisions for public transport and to improve the access to transport. However, these transportation trends are influenced strongly by environmental and social standards which are completely linked to life quality and production. These involve â€Å"congestion, energy consumption, air pollution, and traffic crashes† (Road Management & Engineering Journal, 1998). 2. Transport problems The fundamental social and economic actions are people’s mobility and commodities. For this purpose, cars and trucks are the most common and important means of transportation used worldwide and their numbers have grown massively in developing countries; especially in cities where conventional transport is incompatible with the city structure development and road infrastructure. Consequently, the system is exposed to a number of problems (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). According to Gwilliam (2003), the problems of transport systems in developing countries are traffic congestion, environmental issues, safety and poverty. 2.1. Congestion This phenomenon is common in developing countries, especially in megacities. The rate of urban growth and increasing car ownership has produced excessive congestion in developing countries. Few cities reach the rate of car use and congestion as those in developed countries, according to the per capita income (Kutzbach, 2009). As Gwilliam (2003) states, congestion makes a reduction in the average travel speed in the daytime in the city centre. For instance, in Bangkok, Manila, Mexico and Shanghai it dropped to 10km/hr or less, and 15km/hr or less in Kuala Lumpur and Sau Paulo. These resulted in increased travel time and a decrease in accessibility. In Rio de Janeiro and Bogota the average travel in one-way roads is 107 and 90 minutes respectively (Gakenheimer, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the number of cars in the majority of developing countries did not exceed 100 cars per 1000 persons, while in developed countries this has overtaken 400 cars per 1000 persons (Kutzbach, 2009). Car ow nership growth in non-OECD countries is conceivable to be faster than population growth; it reaches 15-20% (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Abuhamoud et al. (2011) there is a complex relationship between urban growth and transport services. Currently about 50% of the population live in cities and this is raising increasingly, and developing countries share approximately 95% of this growth (Candiracci, 2009). It has also to be shown that as the city grows, the distance from home to the worksite is increasing with a lack of appropriate transport and road facilities (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). As a result, car ownership and congestion is inevitable. In this context, Africa makes up about 14% of the planet’s population, equivalent to about one billion people; in 2007 the urban population rate was 38.7% with the change of 2% per year from 2005 to 2010, and the increase of vehicles during these 5 years was observed. Urbanization could be observed at a higher level in North Africa, which was more than 80% and in Libya, South Africa and Botswana more than 55% but the countries still faced a lack of road facilit ies and poor vehicle quality (Abuhamoud, ibid). This type of urbanization can also be noticed in Asia. For example, China is exposed to a rapid urban growth which is currently about 43% and is associated with the country’s rapid economic growth. It is expected that this figure will increase to 70% in 2050. This is due to people’s immigration into urban areas which will affect the economy because the city energy consumption will be higher than rural areas. This will also be another factor contributing to the overall city congestion (Cheng and Hu, 2009). As Dargay at el., (2007) presents, the overall vehicle stock was 0.8 billion in 2002, but this is expected to increase to about 2 billion in 2030, of which 56% of vehicles will be owned by developing countries; this was 24% in 2002. Consequently, vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which can lead to side effects on the transportation system. Much more can be done to combat congestion, such as: encouraging markets to be more active in supplying goods in active areas; improving transport quality between cities; stopping transport subsidies in cities; improving road management and structure by devoting a sufficient land for roads; improving traffic management and improving planning institutions (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Kutzbach (2009), reducing costs and the wait period in bus stations by rising bus frequency can cause an increase in bus users, and then mass transit would be improved and congestion will decrease. Also, improving rail transport could offer a further option (Gakenheimer, 1999). 2.2. Environment problems Transport and movement have a direct impact on the environment of cities in developing countries. As a result, it impacts on human health. According to studies conducted in Bangkok, Cairo, Mexico City, Quito and Santiago, small matter particles are common and when their volume is less than 2.5 microns of lead this can inflict serious damages to the public health. In addition to this, the level of NO2 is still lower then WHO guidelines outline and there is also a high level of SO2 that is coming from increased coal use. This can damage the ozone which can be considered another threat to people’s health, especially in Mexico City and Santiago (Gwilliam, 2003). According to Transport Policy Advisory services (2010), transport growth and congestion leads to an increasing in the consumption of oil which means an increase in CO2 emissions which directly causes environmental pollution. As Candiracci (2009) states, pollution can cause the of death of people worldwide; for instance, about 6500 people in Mexico and 170000 to 280000 a year in China are facing life threatening situations because of these conditions. Furthermore, urban transportation is the main cause of increasing noise which is another type of pollution. Transport contributes about 25% of overall energy using and is continually increasing. The CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2004 have grown by almost 36.5% and it is expected to increase to approximately 140% in 2050 with the greatest increase coming from developing nations (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). CO2 emission from vehicles did not exceed 6% in tons; however, it impacts 32% of people. Urban transport is the main sourc e for 80-90% of lead spreads in these cities (Gwilliam, 2003). Additionally, there are a large number of motorcycles with 2 to 3 wheels which provides a wide range of transportation needs in Africa. For example, in Togo these vehicles provide 80% of transportation requirements, but also pollute the environment (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). It is also common in most Asian cities where it makes up about 75% of the fleet in Hanoi (Gwilliam, 2003). Generally, the poor environment condition is an outcome of the high levels of congestion in developing countries. The structure of today’s transport seems unsatisfactory in the sustainability point of view, this is mainly by the reason of its disadvantages to the environment and to humanity’s health (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). The environment can be improved by working to improve the quality of vehicles, implementing the honest â€Å"inspection and maintenance (I/M) programme†, using new motorcycle technology, improving system management and non-motorized modes, and running the â€Å"own-price elasticity for gasoline consumption† (Gwilliam, 2003). 2.3. Safety Safety is also another problem of transport systems in developing countries that is directly related to transport crashes and criminal accidents which occur on roads or its surrounding. The amount of people who are fatally injured due to road transport accidents is almost one million people annually, while 85% of this figure is in developing countries and 50% in urban areas. However, pedestrians and cyclists are exposed to safety issues much more than cars and those who ride on mass transport such a buses and trains. Accidents can remain a side effect on the victim’s psychological state and can affect the rate of travel and journeys made (Gwilliam, 2003). The bad quality of roads and vehicles in developing countries are the main reasons for safety problems, environment pollution, and congestion. For instance, the roads in the majority of cities in Africa are congested with motorcycles, which is the vehicle that is involved in the most accidents. This is primarily because a dri ver license for a motorcycle is not mandatory in this country (Abuhamoud et al., 2011). Public safety is also influenced by other aspects of road transport, such as air pollution, which is directly related to human health. Another impact on safety is insufficient pedestrian space which should be as far as the road space. This has been applied in most cities in China. The deficiency of bicycle paths in developing countries also decreases road safety (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). However, transport safety and security can be improved by considering a number of interactive approaches. Studies indicate that most traffic accidents in developing countries occur in the mid-link of roads and at junctions (Gwilliam, 2003). Therefore, road safety can be enhanced through improving road quality and developing road space that is suitable enough for all road users. 2.4. Poverty The distributional impacts of transport developments which have declined to an unusual degree are another significant issue faced in developing countries. Poor people live in areas that have a lack of transportation facilities. Poor people depend on walking although and public transport services are not as required, therefore, walking or non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles are the main modes of transportation (Gwilliam, 2003). Poorer people tend to make fewer trips poor, take longer on their journeys and have worse safety. Studies have shown that in poorer areas there are 20 to 30% fewer journeys. These journeys take longer due to the lack of roads and transport for pedestrians at all times. The poor people in Rio de Janeiro spend on average more than 3 hours commuting to reach the worksite (Transport Policy Advisory services, 2010). Better safety for poorer people can be achieved through the introduction of a number of actions such as the provision of better quality transport which can increase the opportunity for poor people to access jobs, also improving the non-motorised and pedestrians’ path surface and pavement design could help safety issues. Subsidizing the public transport sector to raise attention to public passengers and their available means of transport would also help benefit poor people, as would the construction of non-motorised transport network in cities (Gwilliam, 2003). 3. Transport and life As the Transport Policy Advisory services (2010) states, the concept of urban transport problems appears to be important because it is directly linked to the sensitive and essential spheres of life, such as the environment, society and economy. The transport can impact the environment through pollution emissions, especially in urban areas. Thus, it affects biodiversity. Transport impacts social life because it is strictly associated with accessibility levels, clean air, noise effect, and traffic accidents. However, there is also a strong relationship between transport and the economy in which it impacts on goods and people’s mobility. Accordingly, in implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability it should be taken into account what necessitates the satisfaction of all these elements. 4. Transportation and the Future 4.1 Climate Change The transport sector is defined as a rapid growth source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the monumental increase of motorization and car ownerships has influenced economic growth which leads to the occurrence of a big change in greenhouse gas emissions, where this increase then causes global warming and climate change (Wright and Fulton, 2005). Climate change may be seen as a considerable problem which faces transportation currently and also in the future (Chapman, 2007). However, while there are modes of public and non-motorized transport in developing cities, the poor quality of public transport and the inadequate service for non-motorized and pedestrians encourages people’s tendency to use private cars (Gwilliam, 2003). This then causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions which represent a main reason of climate change occurrence. According to Wright and Fulton (2005), the greenhouse emissions from the transport sector globally is estimated to be about 24% , which grows 2.1% annually, and grows 3.5% in developing countries. It is expected to increase by about 30% by 2030. Therefore, the impacts may include dramatic weather changes, increasing sea-levels, floods and health risks in the long-term. Therefore developing countries should work to sustain the current public and non-motorised transport to develop future sustainable transport. As the Road Management & Engineering Journal (1998) states, to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the future by 2050, the CO2 emissions needs to be cut by 50% globally. This goal can be achieved through â€Å"improving fuel technology† and finding a â€Å"mode-shifting solution† (Wright and Fulton, 2005). 4.2. Peak Oil Peak oil is another issue worth mentioning. It is strongly related to transportation in terms of fuel consumption. In 2003 the rate of demand of oil increased by 3% which is equivalent to about 101 million barrels annually (Aleklett, 2007). The decline in production of oil in the three greatest exporters – Saudi Arabia, Russia and Norway – is estimated to be 4 to 6 million barrels per day by 2030, and the implications of an enormous oil shortage will appear in the transportation sector by the same year (Aleklett, 2007). Human health is influenced by these changes in economic and social aspects, more than which results from policy interferences. However, the peak oil impacts on the economy in terms of increasing the demand and price of oil, also impacts on increasing transport prices and the freight of food, goods and medicine. Therefore, it can create a health crisis even if half of the spare oil has been spent. In contrast to this, there are positive impacts such as the reduction of congestion and pollution emissions which can reduce climate change (Hanlon and McCartney, 2008). Conclusion: It is felt that transportation problems vary from other problems plaguing the developing countries due to it is worsening with economic development. Vehicle ownership growth may cause excessive congestion which leads to side effects on the transportation system wholly. The congestion can be reduced through improving the road quality and public transport, thereby increasing safety and decreasing environment pollution. The environment can be improved by improving vehicle quality, implementing the inspection and maintenance system (I/M), using new motorcycle technology, non-motorized modes, and running the own-price elasticity for gasoline. It is recommended that implementing any program for the purpose of transport sustainability should take into consideration the elements affecting the environment, society and the economy. It is recommended that developing countries should work to keep the current public and non-motorised transport running, in order to developing future sustainable tr ansport and to protect the climate and the energy. References Abuhamoud, M. A. A., Rahmat, R. A. O. K., & Ismail, A. (2011). Transportation and its concerns in Africa: A review. The Social Sciences 6(1), pp. 51-63. [online] http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2011/51-63.pdf [accessed October 22th 2013]. Aleklett, K. (2007). Peak oil and the evolving strategies of oil importing and exporting countries (No. 2007-17). Discussion paper. [online] http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DiscussionPaper17.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Candiracci, S. (2009). Climate change, urbanization and sustainable urban transport in developing country cities. Energy & transport Policies Section. [online] http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/7997_10872_Sara%20Candiracci.pdf [accessed October 24th 2013]. Chapman, L. (2007). Transport and climate change: a review. Journal of transport geography, 15(5), pp. 354-367. [online] http://www.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/nachhaltigkeit/Klimafreundliche_Arbeitsmobilit%C3%A4t/Chapman_2007_Transport_and_climate_change_a_review.pdf [accessed October 26th 2013]. Cheng, H., & Hu, Y. (2010). Planning for sustainability in China’s urban development: Status and challenges for Dongtan eco-city project. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12(1), pp. 119-126. [online] http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/em/b911473d/unauth#!divAbstract [accessed October 25th 2013]. Dargay, J., Gately, D., & Sommer, M. (2007). Vehicle ownership and income growth, worldwide: 1960-2030. The Energy Journal. pp. 143-170. [online] http://www.xesc.cat/Et2050_Library/attachments/Imp_Vehicles_per_capita_2030.pdf [accessed October 25th 2013]. Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 33(7), 671-689. [online] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965856499000051 [accessed October 22th 2013]. Gwilliam, K. (2003). Urban transport in developing countries. [online] Transport Reviews, 23(2), 197-216. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640309893#.Umwm7XCb55g [accessed October 20th 2013]. Kutzbach, M. J. (2009). Motorization in developing countries: Causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options. Journal of Urban Economics, 65(2), pp. 154-166. [online] https://webfiles.uci.edu/kutzbach/www/Kutzbach_Motorization_2008.pdf [accessed October 23th 2013]. TranSafety, (1998). Strategies for Solving Urban Transportation Problems in Developing Countries. Road Management & Engineering Journal. [online] 1-800-777-2338 http://www.usroads.com/index.html [accessed October 22th 2013]. Transport Policy Advisory Services, (2010). Callenges of urban transport in developing countries- a summary. [online] http://www.sutp.org/ins-pol-supporting-docs?download=391:challenges-of-urban-transport-in-developing-countries-a-summary [accessed October 20th 2013]. Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013]. Wright, L., & Fulton, L. (2005). Climate change mitigation and transport in developing nations. Transport Reviews, 25(6), pp. 691-717. [online] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html [accessed October 26th 2013].

Abraham Maslow And His Hierarchy Of Needs - 1519 Words

Researching, understanding, and theorizing about human needs started with Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs. Maslow theorized that humans had certain needs that motivated them to act. These needs start with basic biological needs like food and water and end with self-actualization needs like morality. John Burton in the 1990’s applied this theory to conflict resolution in his book Conflict: Human Needs Theory. Burton discusses how if certain human needs are not met a conflict can occur between the minorities who do not have their basic needs fulfilled (security, identity, recognition) and the majority who is taking away those basic needs. Human Needs Theory has been applied to the intractable conflicts from Cyprus to Ireland. Walsh (2016), in her textual analysis of the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, discusses how human needs theory is useful when using consociationism as a means to resolve a conflict. Walsh found that an understanding of human needs theory is necessary for consociationism to work when applied to a conflict and can be applied to resolve conflicts by providing human needs to minorities. Turkey is not considered an intractable conflict nor is it at the point where consociationism is necessary but Walsh highlights a conflict where human needs theory is relevant and how it helped to resolve the problems. Instead of focusing on one case of human needs, Christie examines on how human issues needs also arise when structural violence isShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs And Humanistic Psychology848 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch is Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow is best known for his work in creating the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Humanistic Psychology. There are many things that came out of Maslow’s findings, how he contributed to psychology, how he influenced the field of psychology, and how his findings are still used in today’s society. Maslow’s approach to psychology differed from other psychologist in his time. One of the things that Maslow developed was the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The Hierarchy of NeedsRead MoreMaslows Theory1321 Words   |  6 PagesBiography Abraham Harold Maslow, the founder of humanistic psychology, was born in New York City on April 1, 1908 and died at home in California in 1970 (Maslow, Abraham Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography, 2010) (Abraham H. Maslow: a Bibliography: Professional biography, 1970). He received his AB, MA, and PhD in psychology from the University of Wisconsin (1970). His work as a United States (U.S.) psychologist started in 1932 after he started working as a teaching fellow (1970). Maslow also taughtRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families1381 Words   |  6 PagesMASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Implications for Head Start Families Introduction Abraham Maslow was a prominent theorist that played a role in the formation of humanistic psychology. Maslow worked on a theory that would accommodate human motivation. The concept that behavior is motivated primarily by a person’s desired to fulfill a specific need. He proposed that is was our inner nature that we had basic needs that we strive to meet. Then as those needsRead MoreAn Unique And Individual Perspective Essay873 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective to psychology from Abraham Maslow Abstract: This paper will examine the life and career of Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow founded his principles for psychology upon his definition of what he called the Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow began his research by studying the human behavior because he wanted to understand what motivated everyday people, which he believed was unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. In What is Psychology? it states that, Maslow believed that the pathway to achievingRead MoreMaslow s Motivation And Personality1604 Words   |  7 Pagesof Maslow’s Motivation and Personality, the theorist Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to Russian - Jewish immigrants. While Maslow’s father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying his wife Berta, he transferred to the University of WisconsinRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Influence On The Human Psyche1660 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat people are Abraham Maslow. He is cited as one of the top ten psychologists of all time, which is not an easy task to achieve. Abraham Maslow was born on April 1 in 1908 in Brooklyn New York. He comes from a Jewish background with his parents coming from Russia as immigrants to the United States of America. Maslow’s childhood was not a good or easy one as one would think of such a successful person. His father and mother more times than not often ill treated him, which led to his poor self esteemRead MoreAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality1082 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and enrolled in theRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead More Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Biography Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first born of seven. His parents were uneducated Jewish immigrants from Russia to the United States before he was born. They came to America to get away from the harsh conditions and socio-political turmoil. His parents, hoping for their children to do better than they did, pushed for educational excellence. He grew up with almost no friends to play with because his father would make him study forRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and criticisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression . Further, humans are motivated by their needs and self-actualization

##hetorical Analysis Of Elie Wiesels The Perils Of...

Death is the end. Some are born to misery, then die, while others are born to live, then die. The difference is some aren’t able to have a lasting, enjoyable life due to the indifference that causes suffering. In, â€Å"The Perils of Indifference,† by the Jewish Holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel, indifference is spoken upon which denotatively means â€Å"lack of interest, concern, or sympathy.† Being a Holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel, claims that indifference is â€Å"dangerous† and in fact â€Å"more dangerous than anger and hatred.† Furthermore, the author describes that many would prefer an â€Å"unjust God than an indifferent one.† Why? Because to be the victim of indifference is to feel â€Å"forgotten† and â€Å"abandoned,† which harms the human mind as it goes†¦show more content†¦The killings happened in the Ottoman Empire and was a result of the political party called the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) wh o decided to wage a war on the Armenian people. With this many people dying people stood back and watched for a period of time without doing anything to stop it. This should not happen. People and countries should rise to help each other and stop these disastrous mishaps from ever happening rather than standing back as a bystander. Although being a bystander is not always the case for some individuals. Resistance from evil has been in the hearts of many and action has taken place from those with a certain will to help the world on numerous occasions. Such occasions occured in the Germany Holocaust when â€Å"Jews in the Warsaw ghetto rose in armed revolt after rumors that the Germans would deport the remaining ghetto inhabitants to the Treblinka killing center† (â€Å"Jewish Resistance†). There was also times when Jewish prisoners fought out against the guards to help their people. Another form of resistance was hiding or escaping from the Nazi’s. â€Å"In ord er to save lives, families hid from their persecutors and sometimes escapes occurred. Some sacrificed their own lives for other individuals, whilst others chose to kill themselves, realising that they would inevitably be killed by the Nazis,† (â€Å"Background: Resistance†). Moreover, the actions of these brave

A Study On The Sickle Cell Disease - 962 Words

consequently had more of a prevalence of SCD while they were compared to those who did not undergo a hemodialysis (Derebail et al, 2014). Concluding from this one study that dealt mainly with African-Americans, the results show how prevalent sickle-cell disease can be in black people. The higher rate of the trait can again be linked back to the monetary elements but it may not be limited only be limited to that as family ties are an important genetic factor of this disease. A study was done on the ethnicities of sickle cell infected patients in Sudan. In the study scientists tied to see the ethnic distribution of sickle cell disease. The scientists used the U.S. National Library of Medicine along with the World Health Organization to study the ethnic relations to sickle cell disease in Sudan. They concentrated their research on words such as sickle cell, haemoglobinopathy, and sickle cell trait. The results expressed how in western Sudan in the Darfur, Kordofan and A lbaggarra region which has a high African and partially Arab population, which mainly consists of Africans, had a high instance of the SCD. Nearly one out of one hundred and twenty children born will at least carry the sickle cell trait. In central Sudan the occurrence of the disease is very rampant as it is a multiethnic part of Sudan (Sabahaelzain Hamamy, 2014). Finally another study on the presence of alpha thalassemia as well as HbS examined it importance in blacks.Show MoreRelatedA Study On Sickle Cell Disease1560 Words   |  7 Pages Sickle-cell disease majorly affects the hemoglobin that is present in our blood. The job of hemoglobin is to help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells throughout our body. Hemoglobin is present specifically in our red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains two hundred and eighty million hemoglobin molecules. Red blood cells normal shape is a biconcave shape because of the lack of many organelles and a nucleus. The shape is so important to a red blood cells functioning thatRead MoreA Study On Sickle Cell Disease3744 Words   |  15 PagesSickle cell disease, SCD, is an inherited autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects 1 in 500 Americans of West African descent with one in 12 African Americans and one in 100 Hispanics being carriers (â€Å"Learning.† 2014). SCD is prevalent in individuals with origins in equatorial countries, such as central Africa, Near East, Mediterranean area, and in parts of India (McCance, 2010). Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-thalassemia, and sickle cell-Hb C are all forms of sickle cell disease withRead MoreA Study On Sickle Cell Disease1785 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin is produced in red blood cells. The body creates sickle red blood cells, which are crescent shaped instead of the typical round shape. This shape of the sickle cells are stiff, as well as stick and because of this they tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. This blockage will cause pain and organ damage, as well as serious infection. (NationalRead MoreA Research Study On Sickle Cell Disease1777 Words   |  8 Pages This research informs the reader about Sickle cell disease. The goal is to raise awareness by describing what the disease is and where it originated. It gives advice on how to recognize signs in a crisis and how to help prevent any further symptoms. This focus uses facts from medical websites such as Web MD and Mayo Clinic. This research highlights every thing there is to know about sickle cell disease through detailed descriptions of where it comes from, how it is passed on, what it does to theRead MoreA Research Study On Sickle Cell Disease Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesSickle Cell Disease, also known as SCD, is a group of genetic red blood cell disorders marked by abnormalities in the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells made up of alpha and beta chains that helps to deliver oxygen throughout the body. Unlike normal red blood cells that have a circular, biconcave shape, sickle red blood cells have hemoglobin S which causes them to become stiff, sticky and shap ed like sickles. Usually normal red blood cells would move smoothly through small bloodRead MoreThe Probability of Inheriting a Disease Is Not Random1816 Words   |  7 Pagesprobability of inheriting a disease is not random. There are several factors that determine the chances on inheriting a disease such as race, gender, genetics, etc. A person of Caucasian decent is more likely to develop cystic fibrosis, an Asian person has a higher chance of inheriting Kawasaki disease and there is a very high rate of Sickle Cell Anemia among people of African lineage. Sickle Cell disease is inherited and it affects the anatomy of the red blood cells, resulting in a sickle shape which thenRead MorePrevalence Of Sickle Cell Anemia1639 Words   |  7 PagesEzeocha PREVALENCE OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA According to Sickle Cell Disease American Association sickle cell anemia defined as an inherited blood disorder that alters red blood cells. Patients with sickle cell disease have their red blood cells contaminated with an abnormal kind of hemoglobin called the Hemoglobin S. The National Institute of Health (NIH), reports that this anomalous behaviour of the hemoglobin S reduces the red blood cell into a sickle shape which becomesRead MoreThe Treatment Of Sickle Cell Anemia1340 Words   |  6 PagesSickle cell anemia is not only about the body s number of red blood cells (or amount of hemoglobin) fallen below normal, it’s also involves splenic sequestration, vision loss, a stroke, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, gallstones, a very rare form of kidney cancer, etc. Many different complications feed off of sickle cell anemia, if it s not one thing it s another. There is not a specific treatment for this disease to make it go away, but as I listed above there are wa ys of helpingRead MoreCoping Strategies And Techniques Among Sickle Cell Disease1195 Words   |  5 PagesOjong Bate â€Å"Coping strategies and techniques amongst people living with sickle cell Disease† Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the many chronic health conditions yet to be well understood by health care professionals; hematologists included. It is an inherited genetic condition characterized by sickled shaped red blood cells, which alter their oxygen carring capacity. Sickle cell disease is passed from parents to offspring and it is characterized by numerous complications suchRead MoreAfrican American Parents With The Sickle Cell Trait1524 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican-American parents with the Sickle Cell Trait have the greatest risk of passing Sickle Cell Anemia to their offspring. In this article, sickle cell anemia is defined as a hereditary disease that destroys red blood cells by causing them take on an elongated and rigid sickle shape. In addition, a different type of hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S, is the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. This protein starts to wrap around other red blood cells when oxygen is lacking to

American Jail Systems Free Essays

The American jail system is said to be one of the most overcrowded in the world something that hampers the rehabilitation process of the offenders. Due to this fact, managing jails have become an uphill task. The American government in trying to make these systems to be effective has come up with a plan of building more prisons and jails but this has also proved to be ineffective. We will write a custom essay sample on American Jail Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this reason, this system incarcerating offenders has greatly been criticized. It is nit the best way of controlling crime infact, there is not any evidence that proves that is so. Because of this it should be replaced with other alternative methods such as community service, parole, death penalty and putting them in rehabilitation institutions such as probation schools. According to a report that was released by the Bureau for Justice Statistics revealed that in US, the number of prisoners has almost doubled recently and this has been witnessed even in the past period. For example in 1996, there was an increase in the number of inmates in United States by 55,900 criminals and by the end of that year; the carrying capacity was already exceeded by 16-24 percent. The most affected prisons were the federal ones which had a 25 percent increase of inmates. Today despite the fact that the US government has constructed more and more prisons the problem still persists as the jails are still overcrowded. There are dangers that are associated with overcrowding and some of these are; escape attempts increase, the states’ budget is further strained, the prisons become understaffed this is because the inmates – staff ratio goes down as the number of prisoners outdo that of the staff. Overcrowding in prisons leads to the release of unhabilitated dangerous criminals before their due period is over. This causes these criminals to turn to be recidivists for they are released before they have completed their jail term. (Romano J. 1991) This problem has a domino effect on other government sectors for example the tax payers become overburdened with taxes so that the government can meet the need of those imprisoned though they are considered as social misfits and yet this money could be used in other sectors that of the government that are in dire need of financial assistance. These are institutions such as hospitals, schools, libraries and parks that are in dire need of assistance. The government spends a lot of money in building more jails in an effort to address the issue of overcrowding for example in 1992 it spent 94 US Dollars on civil and criminal justice. (Cornell, G. December 1, 1990) This domino effect results because when overcrowding becomes a common thing, the effectiveness in correcting the behaviors of the offenders goes down. Many people repeat the same mistakes and end up in the same jails. This tends to overburdening of the prosecutors, juries, public defendants and other support agencies. The overburdening of cases leads results to commitment of serious mistakes in the judicial execution process something that causes dissatisfaction, anger and tension to the citizens. In turn, this results to them committing even more crimes. The overcrowding problem in the uni9ted States is caused by the high rate of recidivism which is caused by ineffectiveness of the jail systems. There are various correctional methods that if used then 5the rate of recidivism would scaled down. This could be achieved if and only if the issue of overcrowding is properly addressed and this cannot be solved by building more prisons and jails as this has already proved not to be effective in the past. The best way forward is to use other alternative correctional methods such as community service, fines, parole, counseling the offenders, use of more harsh punishments and finally use of capital sentence punishment rather than life sentence. I believe the future of reforming criminals lies with other alternative methods but not in incarcerations. One effective method that should be used is assigning offenders to the community service. If some of the offenders who are taken to the prisons and yet they have not committed some serious crimes are given some work to do in the society, the rate of overcrowding in the prisons would be reduced. This is based on the fact that some offenders who are convicted with very minor charges end up in jails and that is why in US today there are about two million people in jails and this number keeps increasing. By assigning offenders to community service will not only help the government in resolving the problem of overcrowding but will also help in cutting the cost it spends on hiring people to work in hospitals, cleaning streets and slashing grass on the compound. This would be beneficial in that these offenders would do that work there by helping the government to save some money. Another method is use of parole. This is a system where by the first offenders who are convicted of committing small mistakes instead of them being jailed, they are released on condition that they would not repeat the same mistakes. Though they are released they are closely monitored by the government officials who are assigned to them just to monitor their moves. If it is noted that they are not keeping the promise, then they should be arrested and imprisoned. (Marek M. K. 2004). The other method that should be used as an alternative method to incarceration would be the use of capital sentence as opposed to the current system of life sentence. Most states in the United States do not advocate for capital sentence but if other methods have proved not to be ineffective then it should be used as the last option. The prison statutes should be amended to allow die hard criminals such as robbers, rapists, murders and terrorists to be executed. If this is implemented then the current stalemate would be solved for once and for all. Se of death sentence would be like killing two birds with one stone at the same time as the government would cut the cost that it spends on maintaining these prisoners would be reduced. Still another method that should be used as an alternative to incarceration is the use of fines. Offenders who are convicted of committing less serious crimes should instead of being incarcerated be fined heavily. This would address the problem of overcrowding and at the same time deter crimes. This is why the Hudson County has introduced use of fines as an effective means of collecting revenues as the traditional methods have proved to be ineffective. (Romano J. 1991) Counseling of offenders would also be an effective method of reducing overcrowding in the United States prisons. This method would also address the problem of recidivism. When the offenders are properly counseled they get reformed and the prospects of them repeating the same mistakes are reduced for many turn to crimes due to being frustrated in life. Indeed the American jail system has failed in correcting the behaviors of the offenders. These people are released when they are halfway reformed and that is why they turn to be recidivists. There are other alternative methods that are more effective than incarcerating prisoners that should be applied. If these are applied, then the problem of overcrowding and of recidivism would be addressed and the crime prevalence would go down. Reference: Cornell, G. December 1, 1990. Rehabilitation Statistics: Study on Effectiveness of Prison Ministries. The Wilson Daily Times. Accessed on Saturday, April 26, 2008 at http://www. prisonministry. org/stats. htm Marek M. K. 2004. Games Prisoners Play. Princeton University Press. Romano J. October 27, 1991. County Uses New Tactic On Criminals’ Unpaid Fines. New York Times. Accessed on Saturday, April 26, 2008 at http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9D0CE7D8113DF934A15753C1 A967958260sec=spon=pagewanted=all How to cite American Jail Systems, Papers

Sports Marketing Event Promotions of Teams

Question: Critically analyse and appraise the nature and scope of sports marketing. Critically evaluate the process by which marketing activities are developed giving examples in sport where appropriate i.e. social media, TV/broadcasting, sponsorship et. Discuss marketing problems and issues for sports organisations, giving example. Answer: Introduction One of the essential subdivision of marketing is the sports marketing focused on the event promotions of teams and sports. Other than sports events, here are various events and products which are marketed and promoted through sports marketing. Many aspects of other business and products could be promoted physically and also can get its brand value. The main aim of this marketing is to promote the team and sport or the client and tell them the promotional strategies for their sports products or teams. This sports marketing is another way of meeting the consumer's needs and their desires in a different way which is exchanging process. Sports marketing is focused and based on four Ps which are a place, products, price, and promotions. Apart from that other Ps are also included in the strategy of sports marketing to improve its marketing process and product qualities. Other Ps are; positioning, packaging, perception, and planning. These other four Ps are called as sports marketing mix. T his sports marketing mix is one of the essential devices to promote the sports and teams that includes other sports sectors and industries which consists of social platforms, advertising, broadcasting, and ticket selling, a relation of the community and social media. There are three sectors of this sports marketing. The sectors are segregated as advertising of the sports events and association, sporting events and its use, sports team, and the last one is, promoting the sport to the public for increasing the attendance and participation. The 1st aspect of this sports marketing is promotion which relates to the sports, second includes the product promotions, and lastly making strategy, however, entailing the sports and the strategy is called as the marketing of sport. Critically analysis and appraisal of the mature and scope of sport marketing Sports marketing is an important marketing process by which the sport is entailed, and this process involves an investment associated with monetary resources and another resource which will support the cricket team. By this sports marketing the sponsoring company gets their visibility in the sports industry and also gain their reputation very easily (Gasovic, 2011). One of the great phenomena in the sports sector is the cricket sport. This sport has got its hype in social community and has reached many countries very quickly. Cricket can attract many fans and can evaluate their interest towards the game and can gain loyalty in the community of cricket fans (Gasovic, 2011). This game can also build the emotion or the pampering among the fans in the different community. According to the England sports survey, it is noticed that his game has created its impact very much and also substantially grown by a huge number. In the span of 2011 to 2012, the survey has proved that the game has attracted more than fifty million fans and gain participation of them at least once in a week in an average. It is also noticed that more than half million fans have increased their participation in this game from 2010 when the number was 14.7 million (Boyle, 2008). Apart from influencing the community the cricket has a great cost on the social and economy of any count ry which gives a great increase of economic growth. There are various companies and sports which are trying to get over the cricket in the sports sector (Boyle, 2008). It is noticeable that the game is a phenomenon and no other games can influence more the fans. In this way, the sponsors are investing more in the game cricket and investing their money in it. Most of the companies are capitalized in this game and finding long-term success of their investments. It is proved that investing more in the cricket is making them profitable (Symposium: Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster, 2012). Most interesting aspect of the game is that the cricket has increased and developed in the sports industry within a few years like 5 to 6 years (Symposium: Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster, 2012). It has imposed more with its different formats which make fans happy. In the business aspect, cricket has its different aspects for business as it has increased its formats. According to researchers, it is visible that the cricket has influenced the sports marketing and it is as developed as investors are interested in document in this game. Thus, marketing consists all the activities which are delivered to meet the needs and the desires of cricket fans through different exchange processes (Knight, 2013). Many companies and individuals are defining and willing to explain the marketing of cricket in different ways, rather than imposing on the roles and carrying the advertising the public relations or the relation of a community (Knight, 2013). Evaluation of the process by, which marketing activities are develop The sports marketing includes the methodology of the arranging and the utilization off each one of the activities for the era, the progression, esteeming and the course of the diversion thing to satisfying of the necessities and the desires of the customers and finish the affiliation targets. It includes Moreover the utilization of the thoughts of publicizing to the consequences of diversion and the organizations (Bureau of Reclamation, 2001). Moreover, it also includes the business division of the things that are non-sport through yet are identified with the amusement. In this way, it can be stipulated it has two viewpoints the utilization of the general practices of elevating to the things that are related to the amusement and the promoting of other client and the business wanders things and organizations. An instance of advancing through the diversion is sponsorship of the amusement by affiliation. A segment of the affiliation uses the cricket amusement to propel their things (Ferrand and Stotlar, 2010). This is wanted to perceive a particular demographic markets that are known not a particular diversion. Cricket since it is important to the TV time, it pulls in various associations that attempt to progress of their things, as they should be associated with the amusement. Moreover, there can be a change of the allowing programs that are away to promote through the diversion. Through like this, the cricket promoter can dismember and see the business circumstances, the determination of the effects and settle on appropriate decisions to an update of the accomplishment of the diversion to the business. The associated is the method in which the publicizing system are made (Gasovic, 2011). On the essential method is to perceive of the publicizing open entryways. At this point, there is a ne ed to pass on a SWOT examination. This includes the circumstances of the diversion relationship in which the course of action is delivered. Subsequently choosing the qualities and the weakness are essential section. On the same, it moreover basic to separate the relationship as for the mission, the destinations, and the targets. There is a need to take a gander at available research and choosing of the publicizing mission and goals (Marketing, 2005). This can be expert through the web organizing push to know the reaction of the clients and to sees regarding the things. The second stage is through determination of the procedure. On this perspective, it fuses the going with a point, determination of the advancing strategy, the determination of the best possible procedures and execution for benchmarks, and the showcasing mix as for expense and thing. The advancing mix ought to be conceivable in various perspective like through business delineation publicizing, sponsorship and web organ izing (Moutinho and Chien, 2008). In this way, that people can know a more prominent measure of the cricket beguilement. The last stage is the execution, the appraisal, and the modification. On this point of view, it can be expert in the execution and the coordination of the publicizing and the organization mix and the control the components of showcasing by getting feedback from the customer in the internet organizing and survey fittingly (Mullin, Hardy, and Sutton, 2000). Marketing problems and issues for sport organization The sports marketing requires to get a handle on the web organizing in their part of the utilization period of the method strategy. The troubles rise when the affiliation need to develop the benefits of the long range interpersonal communication. These are a test especially if the affiliation does deficient asset to execute the system. A case is the time when an affiliation impacts the web organizing like Facebook or the You Tube. Another issue in showcasing for the affiliation is securing enough spending arrangement. Most of the advancing affiliation go up against the piece of secure of advantages for the activities of showcasing of the cricket sport (Shilbury, Quick, and Westerbeek, 2003). With the finished objective people ought to know of the brand there is need a significant measure of business through the distinctive medium like the internet systems administration, of which obliges advantages for a plug. Another edge can't perceive the right development for their prerequisites the affiliation. The contribution for the development choice may be scattered, and these associations end up directing their partners or schools to figure the advancement that best fit them. These people may not acceptable information or ability to give the right need, which may impact the affiliation (Smith, 2008). Conclusion Sport publicizing focus on the progression of the distinctive diversions and gathering events, and may include tending to each one of the necessities and requirements of the customers. Various people of the world have continually revered cricket, as it joins various individuals paying little heed to the race, religion or ethnicity. In this paper, it has explored on showcasing of this redirection. Moreover, it has in like manner researched on the examination and the assessment of the method for this amusement; a further underline was on the system of the change of the publicizing works out. Regardless, there are distinctive challenges that impact the promoting of the wearing relationship of which they have been highlighted. References Boyle, P. (2008). Does occupational success influence longevity among England test cricketers?.British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), pp.851-855. Bureau of Reclamation. (2001). [Washington, D.C.]: The Office. Ferrand, A. and Stotlar, D. (2010). Introduction: New perspectives in sport event marketing.IJSMM, 7(3/4), p.145. Gasovic, M. (2011). Integrated marketing communications in sport organizations.Marketing, 42(3), pp.171-179. Gasovic, M. (2011). Integrated marketing communications in sport organizations.Marketing, 42(3), pp.171-179. Knight, J. (2013).Cricket For Dummies. New York: Wiley. Marketing. (2005). Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Moutinho, L. and Chien, C. (2008).Problems in marketing. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Mullin, B., Hardy, S. and Sutton, W. (2000).Sport marketing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Shilbury, D., Quick, S. and Westerbeek, H. (2003).Strategic sport marketing. Crows Nest., N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. Smith, A. (2008).Introduction to sport marketing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Symposium : Sports Management for Earthquake Disaster. (2012).Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry, 22(1), pp.155-177.