Indian Ocean Region Essay

Change and Continuity of Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 CE to 1750 CE. The Indian Ocean has always been a powerful trading region, between East Africa and China, that has caused religion, crops, languages, and people to spread. Through the rise and fall of powerful land and sea empires, trade routes shifted and control switched hands numerous times over history. The goods have remained fairly constant, compared to the traders and the powers behind them that changed from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. Spices, textiles, manufactured goods, and raw goods were staples on the many of the routes that led from the coast of Zimbabwe all the way to the ports of China. Early traders from Polynesia even traveled to Madagascar. With the rise of Islam and of the Mongol Empire, overseas trade slowed slightly because of the importance of the Silk Road as the main connection between China and Europe. However, as the Mongols declined, the Indian Ocean trade became more important to the empires o r kingdoms of China and the regional powers of India. The Chinese Ming Dynasty engaged heavily in foreign trade and they displayed their wealth with giant treasure ships and junks that sailed the day from China through the port of Malacca to the east coast of India. The ships carried silk and porcelain, goods that were in high demand in Europe and Arabia. The ships also picked up spices and hardwoods from Southeast Asian islands. In India, the majority of these goods were sent on dhows to the Arabian Peninsula, stopping at major important ports like Aden, and then continuing on to East Africa and the Swahili Coast states of Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. The ships sailed according to the monsoons, they then returned loaded with gold and ivory from Africa, to China where the cycle would restart. Eventually states like Gujurat and Calicut grew in importance in manufacturing and the textile production of cotton. The powers around the Indian Ocean remained in control, until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. While Silk Road trade with Europe was thriving, Europeans wanted to cut out the Arab middlemen and get direct access to Asian goods. As the tools of navigation developed and new nation-states sought after trade and exploration, Portugal led the continent in the race to Asia. When Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 by sailing around the tip of Africa, he was greeted with a mocking laughter of people he needed to trade with and was turned down most of the goods he had to trade. The powerful merchants of Gujarat and neighboring states were used to the highest quality goods so they did not want to trade with Gama’s poor quality goods. However, before long, Portugal took over almost all trade in the Indian Ocean, establishing ports like Goa in India and controlling strategic areas with their imperialistic manner. Around the same time, Britain also began its expansion and joined with joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company. They proceeded to dominate the region as well, taking land they thought suited their purposes. The sea empires and the cut off of foreign trade by the Ming dynasty did not greatly change the products traded, but did affect the overall trade system. Goods were now produced for the success of mercantilist people in European countries, not for the enrichment of local powers. While the trade routes and the goods that passed through them may not have been greatly changed, the impact of the European trading empires and the decline of nations like India and China changed who benefited from Indian Ocean trade and who were mostly involved.

Ageism: How Children and Teens Are Unfairly Stereotyped

Ageism: How Children and Teens are Unfairly Stereotyped Jazzie Collins Pacific High School Abstract Over the years, children and teens have been portrayed as immature and sometimes even stupid. Many adults think that they are incapable of many things and deserve no respect. However, young people have made many accomplishments in history. They have invented things and some have even become emperors. Kids and teens deserve more respect than they are getting. Children and teens are constantly being degraded as â€Å"stupid† and immature†. They are put down and disrespected just for their age and adults often see them as incapable, weak and silly. In some cases they could be considered right but believing that all children are foolish is completely wrong. â€Å"Children should be seen, not heard,† a phrase often heard in olden times and even sometimes today, is a prime example of ageism. It is degrading to them as human beings. The law enabling citizens in America to have freedom of speech does not exclude children and teenagers. If it did, there would be many things today that we would be without. Many inventions we have now came from the minds of young ones. For example, the earmuffs, a popular and stylish way to protect your ears from the bitter cold of winter, were invented by a 15 year old boy from Maine. The protective winter gear called Wristies was created by a 10 year old girl in the year 1994. There are numerous inventions from the minds of teens and children. Chester Greenwood, living in Farmington, Maine, invented earmuffs at the age of 15. While testing out a new pair of ice skates, he became frustrated with trying to protect his ears from the harsh cold. Feeling very bulky, itchy and, overall uncomfortable, his scarf did no help. So instead, he made two ear-shaped loops from wire and had fur sewn into them by his grandmother. Chester then improved them by adding a steel bar to the top of the separate ear muffs, helping to hold them in place on a person’s head. Afterwards, he had the new and enhanced version of his invention patented. Then, with Greenwood’s Champion Ear Protectors, he established Greenwood’s Ear Protector Factory and made a large fortune supplying ear muffs to U. S. soldiers during World War I. Chester then went on to patent many more inventions. In 1977, Maine’s legislative declared December 21 as â€Å"Chester Greenwood Day† to honor Chester Greenwood as a great contributor to cold weather protection. Another form of winter gear coming from the mind of a child was something called a Wristie. Wristies resemble wrist bands and are designed to worn under a coat and gloves to block out the wind, snow and cold from entering any unprotected gaps. The brain behind these was a 10 year old from Bedford, Massachusetts named Kathryn Gregory. Kathryn invented and trademarked Wristies and, also while a kid inventor, started Wristies Inc. , a company that manufactured and sold Wristies. The young entrepreneur has made deals with the Girl Scouts, Federal Express and McDonalds and in 1997, Kathryn Gregory became the youngest person ever to sell on QVC, the television shopping show. Kathryn Gregory may have been the youngest person to ever appear on QVC, but King tut was the youngest Egyptian pharaoh to ever rule over Egypt in ancient times. When Tutankhamun’s father died, coincidentally right after being forced to step down from his throne, Tutankhamun was made pharaoh at the young age of 9. In that same year, he married his half sister Ankhesenpaaten. King Tut, as he was later known as, then became the youngest ruling Egyptian pharaoh. He is still famous today due mainly to his great wealth and young age of ruling. Adults aren’t always wiser than children and teens. In many households, the child has to take care of their parent or guardians whether it be financially, mentally, physically or sometimes all three. Usually, when the cold or teen is taking care of their parent or guardian financially, it is because the adult either blows all of their money on drugs and alcohol, the adult was laid off their job and has yet to find another or sometimes, the adult is simply incapable of working. In any case, the responsibility is left up to the minor to pay bills and put food on the table. Another kind of situation that is quite common is in households where the parents or single parent has undergone an injury or has acquired some sort of mental disability and are unable to really take care of themselves. It is also present in households where something has happened in the parent or guardian’s life and they’ve slipped into such a depression that they no longer care for anything, leaving their kids to take on the responsibility of caring for not only the adult in the house but also for themselves and each other. They then must make sure things get done such as putting food on the table and making sure the bills are paid. In the movie/novel â€Å"What’s Eating Gilbert Grape†, a young man named Gilbert Grape must take on the responsibility of taking care of his morbidly obese mother and brother, Annie, who is mentally handicapped. Gilbert Grape must also repair their old farmhouse all on his own because of his father’s death. Ever since his father’s death, Gilbert’s mom has been able to do nothing else but eat, leaving her unable to care of neither her children nor herself. A real-life example of a situation of the child having to care for their parent is that of a girl named Rebekah Knerr. Ever since Rebekah Knerr was very a young (around the age of 2), her father has had a mental illness causing him to disappear off to somewhere for long periods of time without telling anyone where he is whenever he gets too stressed. Because of this illness, he will disappear for a few days up to, at the most, 2 weeks. Ever since Rebekah was young, she has had to take care of her dad by going along with him everywhere he goes and making sure he doesn’t wander off. It is a very stressful and aggravating job and requires a great amount of maturity and patience. An amount of maturity and patience teens and children are often underestimated of. When it comes to teens and children, credit it almost never given to the ones who truly deserve and have earned it. It is almost non-existent. But those who look down upon them are fools themselves, because children and teens everywhere show more strength and maturity the adults in their lives. Some kids are young inventors and others are entrepreneurs and created many of the wonderful and handy inventions we have today. There is definitely more to children and teens that meets the adult eye. References Life of King Tut. (2009). Retrieved January 6, 2010, from http://www. king-tut. org. uk/life-of-king-tut/index. htm

Food Borne Diseases Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food Borne Diseases - Lab Report Example It should be noted that even though meat differs in terms of composition and mode of production, the infestation from microorganisms occurs in a similar manner. Meat which has gone bad is characterized by the odor of the gas it produces and an irritating taste. Raw ham is infested by microorganisms which include gram-negative bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts. After the ham was pasteurized, the number of the bacteria reduced. High-care treatment causes preference towards the lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteriaceae. After slicing and covering, the refrigerated ham harbors cornobacteria, leuconostocs, and thermosphacta. What Are The Concentrations Of Microorganisms In Ready-To-Eat Luncheon Meat? In ready to eat tumbled meat that has not been preserved or treated, the bacterial concentration is 4.8 log (cfu g (-1)). After the high care treatment, however, the concentration decreases to 2 log (cfu g (-1)). The concentration after packing and decreasing fall significantly as the microorganisms are inactivated and they do not reproduce any more. In case there is no preservation, the meat reaches the spoilage point after a short time. What Concentration Of Bacteria Can Be Consumed Without Causing Illness? As highlighted in the above mentioned case, the concentration of bacteria that have not gone past the spoilage point is safe for consumption. ... Refrigeration causes inactivation of microorganisms. However, after the temperatures are raised, the microorganisms grow faster. How Is Food Poisoning Defined? Food poisoning is defined as flu like illness typically characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. It is caused by ingestion of contaminated food. The food contains mainly monocytogens, Vibrio vulnificus, and Norwalk virus. The following is a brief overview on how each of the above named microorganisms causes food poisoning. The Norwalk virus is responsible for more than two thirds of food poisoning that happens in the world. They are the fastest spreading microorganisms in contaminated food. They contaminate the whole tainted food in a day or two and causes stomach upsets if consumed (Food 2009). The leading cause of bacterial food poisoning is Campylobacter jejuni. They usually affect undercooked contaminated poultry meat. A drop of soup from such poultry meat is enough to make a grown adult sick. In 2 to5 days, the symptoms start kicking in with cramping of the abdomen, diarrhea, and vomiting. In such a case, however, the diarrhea is bloody and the victim suffers a fever. Though salmonella does not cause a lot of food poisoning, most of food related deaths in the world are caused by the bacteria. These deaths, however, affect old people with a weak immune system. An expectant mother is, however, in danger from the salmonella because of the risk associated with pregnancy due to compromised immunity and can lead to stillbirth (Food 2009). How does storage affect meat quality and safety? All meat should be stored below 400 F to preven t the development of bacterial pathogens on its surface. This is usually how meat is stored. Chilling is the most advantageous method of storing meat.

Claus Von Stauffenberg Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Claus Von Stauffenberg - Research Paper Example Claus von Stauffenberg was born in Jettingen, Germany on November 15, 1907. (Claus von Stauffenberg) His father was a religious man with a philosophic bent, an accomplished horseman, and a lover of poetry. (Jones) He was the third of the four sons his parent had. He was a bright student and was brought up under better living conditions because of his aristocratic family background. He and his brothers were brave peoples and they joined the German scout agency during their youthhood. At the age of nineteen, he became an officer cadet because of his smartness and abilities. His intelligence and smartness have made him a commissioned officer in 1930. He has trained specifically in using modern weapons and war equipment during this period. Although he has supported some of the policies of the Nazi regime and Hitler, many other policies of Nazis were indigestible to him. His strong moral backgrounds forced him to disagree with many of the Nazi policies. He has participated in most of the wars Germany conducted during this period. Conquest of Poland, 1939, Battle of France, 1940, Operation Barbarossa, 1941, the campaign against Russia in 1941, Tunisian operations, and 1942 were some of the major wars he has participated. Initially, Stauffenberg thought that some of these wars were justifiable for the interest of Germany as a country, the mass murder of Jews in 1942 by Nazi-led Germany forced him to think against Hitler and his regime more strongly. He has realized the hidden agenda Hitler had in killing Jews and expanding his power. He has realized that Hitler is becoming a strong threat not only to the Jews but even for the rest of the world as well. In the Tunisian operation, he has suffered severe injuries and lost one of his eyes and hands and almost met with death. He was forced to spend 3 months in hospital where the thought about dethroning Hitler and the Nazi regime first came into  his mind.

7 Habits Of Highly Effective People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

7 Habits Of Highly Effective People - Assignment Example If you want to understand the other people better, you need to listen to them attentively and without a are other than just speaking all the time. Listening establishes and strengthens the relationship of understanding and makes a world a better place to live in. It is your method of communication that tells people that you are open to sharing, if you are not communicative and do not try to understand others approach, no matter how sincere you are, people will find it difficult to trust you. Empathetic Listening is a key to make people trust you, but it can be very risky sometimes. To listen to people and to relate to them, you have to open yourself up too which makes you vulnerable, but the key rule here is that you cannot influence someone if you are not yourself ready to be influenced. The more you open up, the more you are able to understand people and ultimately you are able to influence them but at the risk of your own security being exposed. Every principle can be applied to everyone, but not in its raw form, you need to customize the rules and principles according to the situation at hand. Only this way you are able to understand a person and his angle of seeing a certain thing, you need to understand the people to help them, advise them and take them out of their miseries. Find the principle that can help them, modify it and then apply it to the situation. Do not just help for the sake of helping or do not just listen and understand for the sake of understanding. If you invest effort, it will improve your personal relationships at basic level and community at large.One first has to develop his or her self to step into shoes of others, the personal strength and character can be built until one have the positive emotional bank account, empathetic listening and the pure desire to help the individuals. Listening is important because it helps you to speak effectively in a tone and with words that people want to listen to yo u. if you adopt the empathetic listening skills then you are able to repeat the words that people use in their conversation, rephrase them to look them more appealing so that your words become effective, finally in your tone you start reflecting the feeling in the same way the other person is perceiving it. This creates a psychological understanding and people are able to comprehend each other’s view exactly they meant it to be.

Assignment 2 for CLS325 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment 2 for CLS325 - Coursework Example Essentially rooted in the attempt to achieve a more accurate definition, arguments have been pushed forward regarding the differences between popular culture and mass culture. Despite all these conflicting theories and subsequent debates, most of these theorists, with the exception of those who uphold post-modernist views, accept the fact that the cultural condition of an individual is reflective of social status. Culture cannot be detached from other material conditions that surround individuals and peoples. This is proven by the emergence of different and contradictory viewpoints on the definition of culture. Those who adhered to the concept that culture can only be attributed to the arts, customs, and refined manners of the elite in society are those who themselves belong to such a class. On the other hand, those who believe that culture is not exclusive for the rich are those who represent or who belong to the lower strata of society. According to Graeme Turner, â€Å"ideology n ot only produces our culture, it also produces our consciousness of our selves.† (British Cultural Studies 20) Ideology may be the most important factor for the development of culture. However, ideology or mindset is the sum or the combined product of all the material conditions that surround an individual. These material conditions greatly vary depending on the social status. In this regard, it is very likely that differences in opinions regarding culture would emerge. When elements or concrete forms of what is now known as popular culture began to emerge, the definition of high culture also became more pronounced. Such definition was apparently made in an effort to distinguish the culture promoted by the elite in society from the one embraced by those who belong to the lower classes. High culture is the label often used in referring to the works of classical literature, music, and other art forms. In fact, the theorists who uphold to this perspective call this as the ‘ real’ culture while naming that of the lower classes as popular culture. Such differentiation points out that â€Å"popular culture is a commercial culture, mass-produced for mass consumption† and that it is â€Å"supposedly consumed with brain-numbed and brain-numbing passivity.† (Storey 264) It may be true that this so-called popular culture has its weaknesses in terms of quality, as can be observed from its various material forms when compared with those of what the elite consider as ‘real’ culture. This perspective, however, definitely serves only the interest of the elite in society. It is clear that culture is the embodiment of the interests and aspirations those who defend and promote it. Therefore, by criticizing so-called popular culture, the elite may just be fortifying their stature in society. People belonging to the lower classes, on the other hand, may just also be asserting their own identity and relevance in society while they contin ue to embrace popular culture and promoting it among their ranks. However, notwithstanding the arguments presented in favor of its existence and the challenge that it poses to high culture, popular culture is also the subject of debates among those who accept its relevance. There are theorists who believe that popular culture does not really represent

Histology of the skin Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Histology of the skin - Term Paper Example Continued pressure on the skin may cause it to thicken. The appendages of the skin include the nails, hair, sweat gland, and oil glands (Milady 220). The skin is grouped into two main divisions namely the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis also known as cuticle is the outermost layer of the skin. Its main purpose is to offer protection to the body. It is the thinnest layer and contains no blood vessels but has numerous small nerve endings. The layer is divided into five sub-layers namely the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, and stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum (Milady 220). Stratum corneum or horny layer is the outermost layer of the epidermis. It is composed of packed scale-like cells, which are usually shed off and replaced by other new cells coming to the surface from the layers beneath it. The cells are made up of chemical proteins known as Keratin, which mixes with sebum, a thin layer of oil, to aid in protecting and waterproofing the horny layer (Milady 220). The stratum lucidum also known as clear layer lies underneath the horny layer. It consists of small transparent cells through which rays from the sun pass. The stratum granulosum or granular layer consists of a group of cells that resembles granules. The cells are usually dead and are normally pushed to the surface to substitute the cells that have been shed from the stratum corneum (Busam, and Goldblum 2). The stratum spinosum or spiny layer is a sub-layer and usually lies above the basal stratum and beneath stratum granulosum. Milady (220) notes that it is in the stratum spinosum that the process that causes skin cells to shed starts. The stratum germinativum, malpighian, or basal cell layer is part of the epidermis found deepest. It consists of a dark pigment known as melanin that protects the skin from ultraviolet rays of the sun. It is also responsible for development of the epidermis (Milady 220). Dermis also

Enhlis CASE 3 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enhlis CASE 3 - Term Paper Example Prezi is sometimes is called the zooming presentation, and it is used to create presentations that are considered more dynamic than power point. The presentation or the story is laid out in a visual canvas and the area can be changed to see more details or less detail. Power point is more flexible for some slide purposes and you can do a variety of things with it. Discussion There are certain differences between the two software, and the biggest difference is probably the non-linear nature of Prezi against the linear structure of power point. In many occasions power point remains the staple for most presentations and forms the basis for much of the visual content delivered in online presentations and trainings ( Bunzel, 2006). Let’s try a completely non-linear presenting or for teaching approach. Like having a very detailed Prezi and takes cues from your audience at which bits they want to look at: if the learners can access then you don’t have to use traditional presen tation in the beginning. Power point has linear navigation, uses slide stack layout, computer based, and has multiple printing options. Power point is more popular than Prezi which is non-linear, uses map layout, web based, and has limited printing options. Try and present your learners with Prezi to look around, you can also try and add your content. Learners will work through and take notes or use the content that they find most useful. Power point is good at creating lecture framework, visualizing content, organizing student note-taking, and explaining complex concepts and processes through charts, graphs and animations. The look of your presentation of power point software can be affected by difference in font sizes in different computers (Norwood, 2009). Prezi is a presentation that allows you to display your ideas in form of images, text, videos. Etc., by planning to them or zooming in on them. With the ability to zoom the images, Prezi also provide some tools to edit those ob jects including tools to rotate, resize, recolor, and crop them. With the high and faster technological growth in the world, the use of power point is become more unreliable compared to Prezi. In fact, (Norwood, 2009), says that, ‘power point presentation are so ubiquitous these days that the mere name of this software has become synonymous with ‘boring’ and ‘mundane’.’ Prezi being an online based becomes a more evolutional and convenient software. The use of Prezi for system upgrade is more effective and brings more impacts to the new jobs. The use of Prezi provides a wide range of presentation and is more productive nowadays than power point. Unlike power point prezi is not being affected by the difference in fonts of different computer systems. Therefore it’s more productive and easy to access. Power point is always installed in the system. That makes it difficult to share the work done with power point to other people. Being online b ased software, Prezi is an alternative for student’s lecturers, and researchers. The ease of sharing the worksheet and personal presentation via internet since it’s an online software. The use of Prezi can be highly recommended for upgrading since it is a best chance of improving income. The use of Prezi is convenient in advertising, mailing and any business related work. To improve corporate finance it’s advisable to use Prezi. Conclusion It is clearer that most people use power point than Prezi.

Communications Professional Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Communications Professional Interview - Essay Example of responsibilities include planning, implementation and coordination of communication; (3) to gain knowledge from the executive’s experiences (academic, professional, other relevant facets) and from competencies and qualifications that effectively fit this position; (4) to gain appropriate knowledge on the duties, functions and responsibilities of the chief communication executive of the chosen organization; (5) to discuss the different communication approaches that the executive has tried and found successful or non-successful; and (6) to gain exemplary lessons from the information generated both from the executive and from external sources on the chosen organization with respect to organizational communication and public relations, its scope and importance. To comply with the requirements, the selected organization was identified as the Methodist University Hospital which is located in Memphis, Tennessee. The communications executive who was interviewed in the process was Christopher Jenkins, the Communications Manager. Memphis, Tennessee. The brief historical overview of the organization and pertinent details was sourced from its official website at: http://www.methodisthealth.org/locations/methodist-university-hospital. It was hereby disclosed that the hospital is identified as the â€Å"major academic campus for the University of Tennessee Health Science Center† (Methodist University Hospital: Home, 2011, p. 1). It boasts of a 661-bed capacity and is reportedly considered one of the largest and most comprehensive health institutions within the Methodist Healthcare system (Methodist University Hospital, 2011). The organization reportedly offer services that range from academic instruction in the field of medicine and health care to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center; as well as comprehensive medical services offered in its various institutions, such as the Brain and Spine Institute, the Transplant Institute, services in Diagnostics and

Global Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Leadership - Essay Example Further, the commentary proffered implications of the trend to Western countries and an identification for causes of concern. Reference was made to Ghemawat & Hout’s (2008) article entitled â€Å"Tomorrow’s Global Giants: Not the Usual Suspects† to infer the possible threats China and India could inflict in contemporary multinational companies. The need to be vigilant and to prepare to refocus global strategies is recommended to address impending global leadership of these giants in the future. â€Å"China and India: Contest of the Century† The article from The Economist entitled â€Å"China and India: Contest of the Century† initially made reference to global powers of the 19th century as centered on three distinct nations: America, Japan, and Germany, after the British Empire had its share of predominance in world power. The article thereby highlighted China and India at the center stage, as emerging global giants in the 21st century. The rational e for these two countries’ global prominence lies in various factors, to wit: the population and the geographic size, among others, categorizing them as continents.

Gender Differences in Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Mathematics Essay Throughout the first half of the 20th century and into the second, women studying or working in engineering were popularly perceived as oddities at best, outcasts at worst, defying traditional gender norms. Female engineers created systems of social, psychological, and financial mutual support, through such strategies, conditions for female engineers changed noticeably over just a few decades, although many challenges remain. Engineering education in the United States has had a gendered history, one that until relatively recently prevented women from finding a place in the predominantly male technical world. For decades, Americans treated the professional study of technology as mens territory. At places where engineerings macho culture had become most ingrained, talk of women engineers seemed ridiculous (Sax, 2005). For years its been assumed that young women avoid careers in mathematics-based fields, like engineering and physics, because they lack confidence in their math skills. But a new study finds that it’s not a lack of confidence in their math skills that drives girls from those fields; its a desire to work in people-oriented professions. It has been found that young women who are strong in math tend to seek careers in the biological sciences. They value working with and for people, they dont perceive engineering as a profession that meets that need. The environment at many tech schools is hostile toward helping students achieve a degree and is more geared toward weeding out those who are struggling. Its difficult to come up with alternative engineering solutions if everybody in the room looks alike. Thats the initial reason why automakers and suppliers are busy trying to identify and hire minority and women engineers. The business case is that if more than half of an automakers customers are either female and/or people of color, which they are, then those groups need to be represented in every sector of the company. One of the most important areas for automakers to get a range of views is in product development. With that diversity mission in mind, DaimlerChrysler Corp. , Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp. , all have mounted aggressive programs to identify and hire minority and women engineers. At GM the story is the same. To attract minority and women engineers, the automaker proclaims that innovation comes from the people who see the world in a different way than everyone else. One women and minorities enter into the automotive engineering ranks, they need to be challenged and encouraged to develop their careers or theyll be gone (Sax, 2005). Its not just the Big Three that are working to create a more diverse engineering workforce. Suppliers and engineering support organizations such as the Society of Automotive Engineers are trying to draw more women and minorities into the profession. Faced with chronically small percentages of minorities and women in virtually every segment of engineering, companies are going to great lengths to attract them to the world of automotive engineering. Harvard President Lawrence Summers ignited a firestorm recently when he suggested more men than women are scientists because of differences between males and females in â€Å"intrinsic aptitude. † Many scientists-both men and women-expressed outrage at Summer’s remarks and blamed any lag in math among girls mainly on discrimination and socialization (Dean, 2006). They point out that girls have closed the gap in average scores on most standardized math tests in elementary and high school. Today women constitute almost half of college math majors and more than half of biology majors. But Summer’s supporters say he courageously raised a legitimate question for scientific inquiry. Indeed, in recent years some researchers have been pursuing a scientific explanation for the discrepancies in math and science aptitude and achievement among boys and girls and have found differences, including biological ones. Summer’s suggestion that women are biologically inferior in math infuriated many female scientists. Some asserted that the other two factors he mentioned were far more important in keeping women out of science: sex discrimination and the way girls are taught to view math as male territory. Some differences are well established. Girls do better on tests of content learned in class and score much higher on reading and writing tests than boys. Boys score higher on standardized tests with math and science problems not directly tied to their school curriculum. On tests of spatial awareness, boys do better on tests that involve navigation through space. Girls are better at remembering objects and landmarks. Studies show differences in brain structure and hormonal levels that appear to influence spatial reasoning. But the implications of these differences for real world math and science achievement remain unclear. â€Å"There is evidence that male and female brains differ anatomically is subtle ways, but no one knows how these anatomical differences relate to cognitive performance,† (Dean, 2006). At the heart of the current controversy is a societal implication-that the failure of an institution like Harvard to tenure even one woman mathematician can be blamed on the lack of top-flight women mathematicians, which in turn can be blamed on too-few top female minds in math. As evidence of intrinsic aptitude differences, Summers pointed out that more boys than girls receive top scores on standardized math tests. Today girls receive better grades than boys in math and science through high school, have closed the gap on average scores on most standardized math tests and take more advantage high school classes than boys in almost every category except physics and high-level calculus. In college they constitute nearly half the math majors and more than half the biology majors. Indeed, today a growing number of researchers contend boys are the ones who are shortchanged-judging by the larger proportion of boys in special-education classes and the declining proportion attending college. Women now make up 56 percent of students enrolled in college; by 2012, the Department of Education projects they will account for about 60 percent of bachelor’s degrees (2002). The fact that more boys than girls make top scores on standardized math tests is often invoked as evidence that boys possess an innate superiority in high-level math. Experts on both sides of the divide agree gender differences are real, even if they disagree bout how much is socially learned and how much biologically based. Girls do better on writing and on algebra problems, probably because algebraic equations are similar to sentences, and girls excel in language processing. Boys are better at mathematical word problems; girls are better at mathematical calculation. Boys and girls also differ on spatial skills, and experts are divided over how innate or important these differences are. A recent study of the Graduate Record Exam, for instance, found men did better on math problems where a spatially based solution was an advantage (Gallagher, Kaufman, 2005). Sex hormones have been shown in several studies to affect the ability to envision an object rotating in space. Females who take male hormones to prepare for a sex-change operation improve on tests of 3-D rotation and get worse on tests of verbal fluency, at which women typically excel. During their menstrual cycle, women do better on 3-D rotation when levels of the female hormone estrogen are low; they do better on verbal fluency when estrogen levels are high. If science be taught directly with a hands-on, inquiry-based approach, it sustains girl’s interest in science. Girls like to work in cooperative teams, a lot of science was taught in a competitive mode. Women scientists also earn less than men. But it’s only fair that women who work fewer hours face the economic consequences of lower salaries and less status. References: Dean, Cornelia. (2006). â€Å"Dismissing ‘Sexist Opinions’ About Women’s Place in Science†. A Conversation with Ben A. Barres. The New York Times. July 18, 2006, pp. 1-5. Gallagher, Ann M. , Kaufman, James M. (2005). â€Å"Gender Differences in Mathematics: An Integrative Psychological Approach. Cambridge University Press. National Center for Education Statistics, â€Å"Projections of Education Statistics To 2012†. (2002). Available on-line: http://nces. ed. gov/pubs2002/proj. 2012/ch_2. asp.. Sax, Leonard. (2005). Too Few Women- â€Å"Figure It Out†. Los Angeles Times. Jan. 23, 2005.

Key Differences Between Nature And Nurture Theories Psychology Essay Example for Free

Key Differences Between Nature And Nurture Theories Psychology Essay Nature/Nurture I will be looking at the effects of Eminem’s life and relating it to nature or nurture. This debate has been around a long time. Gesell developed the maturation theory which is based on the nature side of the debate he believed that development was a result of maturation for example; learning to walk and puberty. Nature Nature refers to the characteristics we have due to our genetics and what biological traits we inherit. Physical similarities are usually inherited from your parents such as eye color and pigment of skin. This is due to nature. Certain illnesses can also be linked to nature such as breast cancer, this can be linked to family members. This will decrease the life expectancy of the person. It can also be said that we inherit our intellect for example, how intelligent and smart we are. It is said that if our parents are intelligent individuals we may too have the potential to be intelligent as this has been passed down in our genes. It is also the same as having a low IQ. We can also inherit personality traits due to nature, this can be either a calm and shy personality or an angry and violent one. It is thought that a child who has anger management issues or issues with violence may not always be acting as a result of growing up in that environment, this could be inherited through their genes passed down from one or both parents. Nurture Nurture refers to the environment that a person has grown up in. this is strongly linked to seeing your parents or other family members acting a certain way and copying it. It is said that children behave in a particular way as they have witnessed this going on around them. An example of this would be if they had grown up in violence they may learn this type of behavior and act upon it. They may not have grown up in a violent home but they may surround themselves with friends or a particular environment where violence is accepted and modeled. Maturation theory The maturation theory was first introduced by American Professor Dr. Arnold Gesell, the maturation theory refers to the physical and the mental growth of individuals, this growth is determined by Biology, genes, and the environment. Gesell declared that all children go through the same stages of development in the same sequence but each child will move through these stages at their own rate. Gesell believed that a child’s growth and development are influenced by both the environment that surrounds them and the person genes. He largely focused on the child’s physiological development. He called this process maturation which was mainly made up of and controlled by genes. According to Gesell, the rate that children develop is down to the growth of the child’s nervous system. As the nervous system grows, their minds develop and their behavior will change. Biological programming Biological programming is your genetics. Genes provide the instructions for structuring amino acids. Our body shape, size, behavior all depend on the interaction

Media In Malaysia Like Rtm Media Essay

Media In Malaysia Like Rtm Media Essay 1 Malaysia concept (1 Malaysia) was unveiled by the incumbent Prime Minister, DatoSri Najib Razak upon taking office on 3rd April 2009. The goals to present this policy is to unite the nation, to form the equity in the economic dimension, enhance the social cohesion and also make sure the people live in harmony and peace between different races (1 Malaysia.com , 2009). According to the Malaysias Prime Minister Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Satu Malaysia means the mutual respect between the different races in Malaysia and also to contribute to the success of vision 2020. According to the research done by the Merdeka Centre for Opinion Research, conducted from 19 June 2012 until the 1st of July, there are over 75% of Malaysian aware to this policy with 23% of people agree that it help to promote the unity among races and 18% of people think One Malaysia concept is about the equitable among the different races in nation. Besides, this survey shows that 46% respondents agreed the One Malaysia policy would be able to achieve the objectives, the rest are not agree with it, which mean there are over 50% of respondent are not even aware and understand about the policy. The survey proved the majority of respondent felt that the government has successfully creating awareness on the Satu Malaysia concept among the nation, but this concept is not completely accepted by all the Malaysians. As we know, mainstream media used by government to create awareness on the One Malaysia concept, and used on enhance the acceptance of the concept by the citizen of Malaysia. Mainstream media plays an important role to give information, report news and educate the audience about government policies, especially in the pluralism society like Malaysia. Mainstream media do not differentiate between our citizens on the basis of their background or ethnic origin, the media mostly deliver the message in the different languages like Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, Tamil and English. For example, there are different channels in mainstream TV channels to broadcast the news programs with different languages, even the One Malaysia programs also have different version of languages. This is to make sure all the citizens can receive the information that they can easily to understand. The mainstream media in Malaysia like RTM, Media Prima and Bernama are controlled by government, and the alternative media like MalaysiaKini and The Insider are the popular news site to report the unvarnished news and event in Malaysia. Athough the alternative media occupy the small section of media in Malaysia, it still have a lots of audience an supporter compare to the mainstream media. Mainstream media used to promote the One Malaysia concept, for example the newspaper as tools to publish Malaysian government propaganda. Every day, there are many newspapers published mainly in Bahasa Malaysia, Chinese, Tamil and English, most of them are government-controlled. Mainstream newspaper report on every stunts of the One Malaysia policy and emphasis only on the benefit of the concept and projects, it never reveal or focus on the negative side of the policy. For example One Malaysia store, one of the project by KARISMA. When the project was finally launched, the mainstream newspaper mostly report on how the 1M store can benefit to citizen and set it as headline or give the news a wide space in layout, but when the criticism arise because of the low quality of One Malaysias products, newspaper only publish out the news with small space or never appear. It shows the mainstream media are partial and only shows what they want to show and filtered the important information befo re publish out. Another example like RTM, local television channels licensed to broadcast in Malaysia, it used by government to promote the policy too. TV station will broadcast the video clips about One Malaysia concept, for example the one Malaysias advertisement. For every important day like Merdekas Day, TV will Keep showing the One Malaysia Merdeka advertisement and Satu Malaysia theme song to make a strong impressive on the audience. Besides, mainstream media will report about the major event of 1 Malaysia that happen in town, for example the Sitiawans Chinese New year Open House. This CNY event was live broadcasted through RTM1, and it successfully gets a wide coverage in Malaysia and even the reporter of CCTV from China attended to make a live report. This event is for the CNY celebration and help to foster unity among the various races in Malaysia, by showing this event on TV, it help to promote the One Malaysia concept and also to gain support from the chinese community, so that the One Ma laysia concept can be widely accepted in nation. Nowadays, mainstream media especially free to air TV channels and radio station now losing a large numbers of audiences and readers, the credibility of mainstream media was suspected. People will not totally accept the messages of mainstream media before verify the facts through online. Most Malaysians are now become more polite and wiser to distinguish the facts, people start to search information through online, and they verify and confirm the facts before accepting the truth. One of the hot topics was the censored news of Bersih 3.0 on 28th April 2012. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and ASTRO (Malaysian pay TV station) broadcasted the two different version of news, the BBCs original broadcast been censored and the interview of the respondent about Bersih 3.0 filtered by Astro. This video clip will not appear on the mainstream media channels like RTM1. Astro is not government-owned media, but it is indirectly control by the government. This shows that most of the media in Malaysia have no freedom, the reporting is not true and be biased towards one side which is the dominant group. In my own opinion, although the mainstream media occupy most of the media space in Malaysia, it is not powerful enough to change people mind and influence on the behavior of citizens, this probably because of the distortion of truth and biasness of mainstream media. Nowadays, more and more people start to voice out and express themselves in cyberspace. It shows the influential power of social networking sites. The example of social networking sites like facebook, blog, twitter and YouTube are now becoming the source to get news and information, especially the unvarnished news. Most people said that the mainstream media tell lies and partial, they rather believe the alternative media instead of biased reporting. According to the limited effects theory by Lazarsfeld, media are not powerful enough to influence on individuals which is also known as limited effect perspective. He also claims that the heavy media users were the person whose advice was being held by others. Thus, the heavy media users will become the gatekeepers and opinion leaders. Opinion leaders used to advice the followers and this is later known as the two step flow. The Prime Minister in Malaysia, Dato Sri Najib Razak as the opinion leader and also a heavy media user, he created a website called 1Malaysia with a tagline The Personal Website of DatoSri Najib Razak to provide a place for open discussion and also to encourage the acceptance of One Malaysia concept by the citizens of Malaysia. The website now become one of the mainstream media in Malaysia, it always shows on the top of Google page for the keywords One Malaysia. He understands the influential power of internet, and also the less popular of mainstream media, he started to take part in social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook and blog, all of these sites have gathered over millions of followers. Our Prime Minister act as the opinion leader not only for the real life but also in the cyberspace, this is one of the ways he used to promote the One Malaysia concept and influence his followers. This is known as two step flow. The message about One Malaysia concept share from mainstrea m media in Malaysia can easily reach to audience but this does not mean the mainstream media can influence people to accept the policy, the most influential things is the idea of opinion leader instead of mainstream media . Another example like the critic or commenter who bombard the biasness of mainstream media will be viewed as the nation hero and opinion leader, for example Namwee. He has a huge of followers on facebook, he act as the opinion leader to critic the biasness of media and also the BN politicians. His opinion could influence his followers because people craving of hearing the actual truth about the government leaders and policies. According to Lazarsfeld, media rarely had power to change people mind because it is almost always mediated by the individual differences. Individual influences in psychological make ups cause media influence to vary from person to person. Everyone has different ideas, mainstream media only can deliver the messages or information of One Malaysia concept to the citizens but not powerful enough to influence people decision, and make people accept to the concept. This is because audiences have the right to choose what to expose, this is known as selective process. The selective process, information that is inconsistent with a person already held attitudes will create psychological discomfort or cognitive dissonance. People generally work to keep their knowledge of themselves and their knowledge of the world somewhat consistent via selective processes. People tend to avoid the cognitive dissonance after made a decision. Thus people will avoid the facts that can prove the decision was wrong, so the more potential dissonance, the more we tend to avoid. People will denial and pretend that they never seen the evidence. Because of people have right to choose what to expose in mainstream medias messages, the One Malaysia concept cannot be completely accepted by the citizens. The mainstream media in Malaysia keep promoting the concept, but this policy might not the ideal policy to some of the citizens, they can choose to deny the message or choose to remember some part of the concept they like. In the selective process, there are three form of selecti vity, for example the selective exposure, selective retention and also the selective retention. Selective exposure, people tend to expose themselves to information that same to their pre-existing attitudes and belief. For example, the mainstream TV station RTM1 broadcast the One Malaysia program, audiences can choose not to watch the program and switch to another channels if they dont agree with the concept or not interested to the information. This is because they obey to their subconscious and dont want to change the pre-existing belief. Selective retention, people tend to remember the best and interested messages that are most meaningful to them. For example, the mainstream media keep showing the benefit of One Malaysias projects, the IPT students only choose to remember the stunts of One Malaysia Siswa Card (KADS1M), because this project is benefit to them and help them to reduce the daily cost of living, they only pay attention and accept the message that can fulfill their demands. Selective perception, people will change the meaning of messages so that they become consistent with pre-existing attitudes and belief. For example, When media shows the advertisement of 1Malaysia store and promote the products, audience will think purchasing 1Mproduct is a stupid action because in their pre-existing belief One Malaysia products are low quality and they never consider to purchase those products. These three forms of selectivity show media cannot control how audience think, how audience act and even accept to the One Malaysia concept. The ways the mainstream media are used to promote the acceptance of the One Malaysia concept successfully creating awareness among the Malaysian, but this does not mean that people are completely admit the concept and support the idea of the policy. As we all know, the mainstream media actually under controlled by the dominant group, the government and The Barisan National. No one dare to eject or deny the government policy, they remain silence since they have no freedom to speak out the idea, and they scare to bear the consequences of against government so they choose to admit it, for example the preventive detention law. So people remain silence because they think their views are in minority but in fact there is no one to speak out their opinion. According to the Spiral of Silence theory by Neumann (1974), a people view control the public scene and others disappeared from the public awareness as it adherents became silent. People fear of being isolation and know what actions and be haviors should take to avoid their likelihood of being socially isolated. For example, some people tend to keep their negative opinion toward the government policy to themselves when they think they are in the minority. This context is called Spiral of Silence. In conclusion, mainstream media in Malaysia are not powerful enough to change people mind, but it do have certain influence. Therefore, under the assumption of the two step flow process, selective process, and the Spiral of Silence theory, the messages of the mainstream media would not be able to reach the citizen directly. Thus, the effect of the mainstream media in Malaysia is considered as limited effect. In my opinion, the government has successfully creating awareness on the policy among the citizens of Malaysia through the mainstream media, but not the acceptance of the concept. The completely acceptance of the concept among nation might happen if there is no partial and biased information from the mainstream media, if media are more control by the dominant group, the less trust of Malaysias citizens can give to the mainstream media.

Why Men Should Teach Feminism Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critici

Why Men Should Teach Feminism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We were asked to focus on three questions related to men and feminism: first, what leads us to teach feminism; second and third, can or should a man teach courses or topics on feminism.   While my short answer to each question is â€Å"yes,† I have carefully examined my ideological history and experiences teaching women’s studies to be more certain of my response.   Not all of the varied aims of women’s studies and feminist activism are directed toward the sensibilities and status of men, nor should they be, but men are still an important audience for feminist discourse and should play a more active role in teaching feminism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thinking about the first question – what leads me to teach feminism – the answer stems from my belief that alliances matter in the struggle for progressive social change, and that allies must be enlisted to support the aims of ending sex and gender discrimination.   The histories of justice-seeking movements in the United States can help to illustrate why alliance building is necessary as a follow up to and a complement to the concentrated efforts of a dedicated base of activists, such as suffragists in the 19th century, young black students involved in sit-ins in the early 1960s, or protestors against the second Gulf War in our time.   Social movements often follow a trajectory that begins with radical activists confronting oppression with direct action, even when a cause appears unpopular.   If the efforts of an activist base are successful in calling attention to unjust social practices, a sizable minority or even a majority of the wider population may decide that they have a stake in the movement’s success, making possible such historic legislative achie... ...gues in the women’s studies program and other contexts has enriched my life far beyond the classroom.   In my future work, I will encourage others to learn from the history of feminism and to apply feminist pedagogy in the classroom.   My experiences being the only African American (and sometimes the only male) in many professional and personal settings have reinforced my conviction that the best hope for future progressive change is to build alliances that celebrate human commonality, and demonstrate for our students that (as June Jordan has written) â€Å"freedom is indivisible.†Ã‚   While we all can benefit from the comfort and even the catharsis that single-sex and single-race settings can provide, our students and our society are best served by cooperative, feminist-inspired work by women and men to challenge sexism, racism, and every other threat to freedom and justice. Why Men Should Teach Feminism Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critici Why Men Should Teach Feminism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We were asked to focus on three questions related to men and feminism: first, what leads us to teach feminism; second and third, can or should a man teach courses or topics on feminism.   While my short answer to each question is â€Å"yes,† I have carefully examined my ideological history and experiences teaching women’s studies to be more certain of my response.   Not all of the varied aims of women’s studies and feminist activism are directed toward the sensibilities and status of men, nor should they be, but men are still an important audience for feminist discourse and should play a more active role in teaching feminism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thinking about the first question – what leads me to teach feminism – the answer stems from my belief that alliances matter in the struggle for progressive social change, and that allies must be enlisted to support the aims of ending sex and gender discrimination.   The histories of justice-seeking movements in the United States can help to illustrate why alliance building is necessary as a follow up to and a complement to the concentrated efforts of a dedicated base of activists, such as suffragists in the 19th century, young black students involved in sit-ins in the early 1960s, or protestors against the second Gulf War in our time.   Social movements often follow a trajectory that begins with radical activists confronting oppression with direct action, even when a cause appears unpopular.   If the efforts of an activist base are successful in calling attention to unjust social practices, a sizable minority or even a majority of the wider population may decide that they have a stake in the movement’s success, making possible such historic legislative achie... ...gues in the women’s studies program and other contexts has enriched my life far beyond the classroom.   In my future work, I will encourage others to learn from the history of feminism and to apply feminist pedagogy in the classroom.   My experiences being the only African American (and sometimes the only male) in many professional and personal settings have reinforced my conviction that the best hope for future progressive change is to build alliances that celebrate human commonality, and demonstrate for our students that (as June Jordan has written) â€Å"freedom is indivisible.†Ã‚   While we all can benefit from the comfort and even the catharsis that single-sex and single-race settings can provide, our students and our society are best served by cooperative, feminist-inspired work by women and men to challenge sexism, racism, and every other threat to freedom and justice.

Comparing William Faulkners Short Stories, A Rose for Emily and Dry Se

Comparing William Faulkner's Short Stories, A Rose for Emily and Dry September Three key elements link William Faulkner's two short stories "A Rose for Emily" and "Dry September": sex, death, and women (King 203). Staging his two stories against a backdrop of stereotypical characters and a southern code of honor, Faulkner deliberately withholds important details, fragments chronological times, and fuses the past with the present to imply the character's act and motivation. The characters in Faulkner's southern society are drawn from three social levels: the aristocrats, the townspeople, and the Negroes (Volpe 15). In "A Rose for Emily," Faulkner describes Miss Emily Grierson in flowing, descriptive sentences. Once a "slender figure in white," the last descendent of a formerly affluent aristocratic family matures into a "small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head" (Faulkner, Literature 25-27). Despite her diminished financial status, Miss Emily exhibits her aristocratic demeanor by carrying her head high "as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson" (28). In an equally descriptive manner, Faulkner paints a written portrait of Miss Minnie Cooper in "Dry September." He portrays her as a spinster "of comfortable people - not the best in Jefferson, but good enough people" and "still on the slender side of ordinary looking, with a bright faintly haggard manner and dress (Faulkner, Reader 520). Cleanth Brooks sheds considerable insight on Faulkner's view of women. He notes that Faulkner's women are "the source and sustainer of virtue and also a prime source of evil. She can be ... ...uth. Works Cited Brooks, Cleanth. "William Faulkner: Visions of Good and Evil." Faulkner, New Perspectives. Ed. Richard H. Brodhead. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, 1983. ---. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House,1986. Faulkner, William. "Dry September." The Faulkner Reader. New York; Random House, 1954. ---. "A Rose for Emily." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 5th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. ---. Selected Letters of William Faulkner. Ed. Joseph Blotner. New York: Random House, 1977. Kazin, Alfred. Bright Book of Life. Boston: Little Brown Company, 1973. King, Richard H. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. Reed, Joseph. Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House, 1986. Volpe, Edmond. A Reader's Guide to William Faulkner. New York: Octagon, 1974.

Making High Fructose Corn Syrup is an Unnecessary Process :: Artificial Sweetener HFCS Food

An Unnecessary Process: Making High Fructose Corn Syrup The process of making High Fructose Corn Syrup is a long and complicated one. It was first discovered in 1900’s. High Fructose Con Syrup has been used as an artificial sweetener for decades. It involves the change of sucrose sugar into fructose sugar. It is a complicated process involving many changes on the molecular level. It also needs specific temperature and pH changes throughout the process to insure that the chemical changes and the enzymes all function properly. If the enzymes and chemical reactions don’t all work properly, the sucrose won’t change properly into fructose and the outcome will not be High Fructose Corn Syrup. The specific change from sucrose sugar into fructose sugar is vital so the process for changing it must be accurate. The fructose sugar is sweeter than the table sugar or sucrose sugar, which is why the fructose sugar is used instead of the sucrose sugar. This extra sweetness makes it favorable for commercial uses. The other factor mak ing both useful and favorable for commercial businesses to use it is its low cost. High Fructose Corn Syrup is cheaper to make and therefore is sold cheaper than regular table or cane sugar. Many commercial food-processing businesses are using High Fructose Corn Syrup because of this meaning and therefore making High Fructose Corn Syrup a common ingredient in many food items. The process of creating High Fructose Corn Syrup started in the 1800’s. Food industries have known about using microorganisms to produce new foods and increase the shelf lives of foods. In the corn industry, wet millers have used the process of isomerization, or converting D-glucose to D-fructose. The process of isomerization used to be done by treating glucose with alkaline catalyst at a high pH. This technique was unsuccessful because the conversion created large amounts of by-products, which tended to create a dark color and also develop off-flavors. Despite these side effects, isomerization was continually used with most of the research being done in carbohydrates. This research led to the discovery in the 1950’s that showed that when given right enzyme, the monosaccharide outside the cell the cell would undergo ketolisomerization. This enzyme discovered was xylose isomerase. This discovery was made by biological and medical scientists. More research then worked on how to change the molecular structure of glucose molecules with 5 carbons to fructose molecules with 6 carbons. An enzyme prepared from pseudomonas hydrophilia provided this structure change creating D-fructose.

Nursing Process Essay

The nursing process has five key steps in it. There is an acronym to remember these by steps by; it is ADPIE. Assess Diagnose, Plan, Implement, and Evaluate. The assessment step is exactly as it states; a nursing assessment. The nurse assesses the patient and gathers information to make a diagnosis. The next step is diagnosing; in which means forming a nursing diagnosis based on subjective and objective data; and on the patient history. Once a nursing diagnosis is formed; the nurse must plan for patient care and make a care plan for treatment, setting appropriate and measurable goals to be reached. Next is implementation. In this step of the nursing process the nurse implements, or puts into action the plan of care. Lastly is evaluation; which may be last in the nursing process but needs to be done throughout the whole process. In the sense of it being stated as the last step though, it references measuring the outcome of the goal and asking some important questions. Was the goal met? Does anything need to be revised, added or removed? How has the patient responded to the care plan? I believe the nursing process is a great foundation to start with when beginning care with all patients. It sets clear guidelines to make rational decisions and ensure measured outcomes for each and every patient. Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, 9th edition Section I Pages 1-12 used as reference.

How Does Perception Affect The Organizational Process Education Essay

What is perceptual acknowledgePaul Rookes and Jane Willson expl personal perceptual companionship and perceptual purposes in a manner that closely any cardinal screwing understand. The survey of perceptual pay off, or how the encephalon processes discipline from the sniff outs, has fascinated psychologists and philosophers for a long enclothe. perceptual intimacyion takes the cardinal inquiry countries and presents the resignments and findings in a clear, concise descriptor, enable the reader to reconcile a fast work wisdom of the country.This clear and catch text discusses esthesis and perceptual bugger off so lifes at theories and covers of perceptual be intimate. The manner optical perceptual take is structured is examined, followed by an analysis of the catchment of perceptual operations. The writers so see sensation societal and heathenish fluctuations in perceptual face. percept testamenting be grotesquely utile to pupils pertly to gamyer-le vel survey. With its encourageful text edition characteristics to help in scrutiny and determineing techniques, it should involvement entirely introductory mental erudition pupils. invoke hypertext transfer protocol //www.infibeam.com/Books/info/Paul-Rookes/Perception-Theory-Development-and-Organisation/0415190932.html tonic engagementdBooksPerceptDefinition from webPercept in psychological science, mental make-up and read of centripetal victimisation. TheA gestaltA psychologists studied extensively the ship s ratiocination wordal in which people formulate and destine from the huge array of input signal that argon presented to them, concentrating peculiarly on ocular arousal. Percept is influenced by a compartmentalization of factors, including the speciality and carnal dimensions of the stimulant drug such activities of the sense organs as effects of predating stimulation the report s past experience attending factors such as tr aining to react to a stim ulation and antecedent and emotional province of the field of deal. Stimulus elements in ocular b disusedness signifier sensed forms harmonizing to their closeness to each an other(prenominal), their similarity, the inclination for the event to comprehend complete come ins, and the ability of the topic to separate of import figures from background. Perceptual stableness is the inclination of a topic to take in oneness object in the same(p) mode, irrespective of such fluctuations as distance, spatet of sight, or brightness. done selective attending, the topic focexercisings on a limited figure of stimulations, and ignores those that ar considered less of import. Depth perceptual experience, considered to be innate in just just round animate beings, is produced by a compartmentalization of ocular cues bespeaking stance, and by a junior-grade disparity in the images of an object on the two retinas. An compulsory thres direct is the borderline zoology(prenominal) strength of a stimulation that a topic mass earthyly comprehend, whereas a difference thres living is the lower limit sum of mutation in a stimulation that net be consciously fall uponed by the topic. Recent surveies hire shown that stimulations argon re all toldy perceived in the encephalon, while centripetal variety meats scarce gather the signals. William Dobelle s research, for case, has offered important forecast for the blind. credit rating hypertext transfer protocol //encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Perception+ ( psychological science )Visting day of the month on this nexus is 18-9-2010.PerceptPercept is the force of which we use to organisms interpret and organize esthesis to bring onward a meaningful and utile experience of the creation. Sensation normally refers to the present(prenominal), comparatively gross resultant of stimulation of centripetal receptors in the eyes or ears, nose or lingua or tegument. Perception, on the other manus, collapse de scribes one s eventual(prenominal) experience of the earthly concern and exemplaryly involves further processing of centripetal input. In the vivacious term, esthesis and perceptual experience be near non possible to divide, because they argon accord of one uninterrupted influence. in that locationfore, perceptual experience in humans describes the mathematical operation whereby centripetal being to plump is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint trade of the stimulation and of the mental process itself. Relations throw away between assorted qualitys of stimulation and their associated percepts provoke illations that nooky be make active the belongingss of the perceptual surgery theories of comprehending so grass be developed on the soil of these illations. The ground is that the perceptual surgery is non itself macrocosm or refined discernible ( b atomic number 18ly to the percipient himself, whose percepts argo n given straight in experience ) , the inclemency of the perceptual theories give the sack be checked tho indirectly.Historically, carcassatic idea about perceiving was the raise of doctrine. Philosophic involvement in perceptual experience stems mostly from inquiries about the beginnings and cogency of what is called human wisdom. Epistemologists ask whether a existent, physiologic universe exists independently of human experience and, if so, how its belongingss can be wise(p) and how the justness or truth of that experience can be determined. They besides ask whether on that spotlight be unconditioned ideas or whether all experience originates finished contact with the physical universe, mediated by the sense organs.As a scientific endeavor, nevertheless, the probe of perceptual experience has particularly developed as subdivision of the larger subject of psychological science. For the most dish out, psychological science bypasses the inquiries about comprehending raised by doctrine in favour of traffics that can be handled by its particular methods. The leftoers of such philosophic inquiries, nevertheless, do remain research workers ar til now know-to doe with, for illustration, with the comparative parts of innate and learned factors to the perceptual occasion.Such cardinal philosophical averments as the being of the physical universe, nevertheless, they are taken for granted among most scientific pupils of comprehending. Typically, research workers in perceptual experience save accept the evident physical universe peculiarly as it is depict in the given subdi batchs of ingrained philosophies concerned with the electromagnetic energy and optics and mechanics.The Role of PerceptionAs we fester in our life and mature into what virtually would see the grownups, we are told to do the accreditedly we know about our purlieu and do certain to make unto others as you would hold do to you . In order to make this, you make water to hold a block of perceptual experience in which you are able to see things in shipway that others whitethorn or may non. How do you see perceptual experience?Harmonizing to Kendra forefront Wagner ( UNK ) , Percept is our centripetal experience of the universe around us and involves both the realization of purlieual stimulations and exercises in response to these stimulations. Through the perceptual act, we gain information about belongingss and elements of the environment that are critical to our in the universe endurance. Percept non however creates our experience of the existent universe around us it allows us to move deep down our environment that is around us. That being s financial aid, how does that use to ordinary life and how does that reach the positions of those around you on you?The best manner to near this is well-fixed to happen the most effectual shipway to see perceptual experience. Three facets can change or act upon how things are viewed. One of t hem is the universe as a intact. What is meant to present that the universe is to pronounce how the universe is viewed in existent, no affair what it is that you look in the universe. Everything has a their ain position and sentiment from everyone who sees it, from the hapless peoples and homeless person peoples to the fatty peoples. Every individual has an sentiment on why the homeless are dispossessed and why the rich are rich. What part of the graduated table do you pivot on? Are you the type that says that the homeless are stateless because of bad peril and difficult times? Do you fee the other manner and believe that the homeless are homeless because they are unoccupied and merit nil more than what they deplete? Of the estimated 1.3 billion people populating in scantiness around the universe, 70 per centum are grown females and misss. Womans and misss are besides increasing as fastest group of impoverished those are destroyed financially, this is a procedure we called the wandering(a) feminisationSensation V. PerceptOften confusion arises over the relationship between esthesis and perceptual experience. behavioral theoreticians believe that persons interpret state of personal matterss establish upon their senses and stimulation and that this was how they gained cognition of the universe. Persons use their centripetal variety meats to feel for case, eyes to see, ears to hear, scrape up to experience, intrude to smell, and lingua to gustatory sensation. Therefore, esthesis is the rudimentary behaviour of persons ca utilize by their physiological defends.Percept, on the other manus, involves people s acculturation of natural informations through their senses, after which they organize and modify the information with the aid of cognitive aspect to organize a legitimate image of the state of affairs. The perceptual procedure of persons base on ballss through several(prenominal) sub-processes. They are stimulus or state of affairs, enrollment, reading, feedback, behaviour, and effect. Stimulus or state of affairs is the first sub-process in the procedure of perceptual experience. Here people are confronted with an away or privileged stimulation. As a effect, they index see an immediate animal stimulation or the confrontation may take topographic point with the ripe physical and socio-cultural environment.In Registration, the persons record in their heads the stimulation they demand received from the environment. physiological mechanisms such as hearing, hearing, etc. swordplay an active function in the perceptual experience of persons. During Interpretation, people analyze the stimulation they constitute received. It is a cognitive procedure that is influenced by memorizeing, motive, and personality.Feedback is the response persons receive from the stimulation i.e. environmental state of affairss. Feedback has an impact on the perceptual experience of persons. For case, if employees receive range of a function from the managing director for their work, so they perceive that the director is satisfied with their public presentation. Registration, reading, and feedback occur within a individual and are in response to a given stimulation from the external environment. These sub-processes lead to a certain behaviour by the person, which once more leads to a certain effect.How Does Perception impress The boldnessal Process?Percept affects the things we experience in our day-to-day lives excessively so of class it has an impact on the government activityal procedure besides.Percept is fundamentally what the peoples think of something, person, a state of affairs etc. Our thought might be our believing ain or it might be the consequence of what person else thinks of a peculiar state of affairs in a peculiar range.The ground of the perceptual experience affects the faceal procedure is because if the employees can non comprehend the given end or the purpose of the brass powerful so they might non be working towards it and if they are non working towards it so that composition faces a spread between what is required of the people and what is very being done by them.I hope you baffle heard of the about the change procedure that happens often in governing bodys. If suppose that procedure is being implemented so it s really of import for the employees to cognize what the presidency is locomotion to voyage through and what is traveling to go on after the procedure of the given state of affairs. If their perceptual experience is non clear about it so they might defy the alteration a people which is nt good for the company. The employees perceptual experience can assist the company s governanceal procedure run smoother or go hard in a clip.Article abstract entity learnedness organisation construct is specify and the transformational procedures have-to doe with are explored. The four stairss of organisational accomplishment rhythm, information coeval s, integrating, reading, and action are studied.ARTICLEABSTRACTA learn organisation is one that invariably improves through the rapid victimisation and come-on of potentialitys required for success in the hereafter. Companies severe to go continual scholars should travel beyond merely developing and developing employees. encyclopaedism should be in corporated into every bodily process of the organisation to supply the best merchandises to its clients. The typical learning organisation has five elements a leader with a chiseled vision, a elaborate and quantifiable action program, the rapid distri andion of information, ingeniousness, and the ability to implement the program. Examples of companies that can be considered learning organisations include Corning Inc. , line of latitude Devices Inc. , Boeing Co. and Lear Seating Corp. A eruditeness Organization Quiz that can be used to determine whether a company is a learning organisation is provided. education learn is a proc edure of lasting alteration in a behaviour through experience, didactics or with survey. contracting can non be deliberate it s the procedure of acquiring unwrap end product through accomplishment. So we can state that attainment is a lasting alteration in a behaviour of persons. The different execute of study criterions reveal a reciprocal the spirit. everywhere and over once more these professional person organisations Reprimand traditional a priori accounts of information for stressing memorisation, and condemn their push to cover matter at the disbursal of deep abstract apprehension. Alternatively, the studies respect eruditeness as the active, purposive building of significance. All emphasize in-depth scholarship pick uping oriented to job resolution and last devising larning embedded in real-life undertakings and activities for thought and conference, and larning that physiques on pupils anterior cognition and experiences. work of the fresh criterions in schools would assist to develop pupils who are successful learners-learners who are knowing, self-determined, strategic, and empathic. By concentrating on core group constructs and handling them in deepness, pupils get a steadfast conceptual base for forming the content they learn into unyielding cognition constructions. By stressing the connexion to their ain experiences and attitudes, the guidelines, when implemented, would formalize pupils experiences and enable them to go qualified knowledge workers in the assorted subjects. By unifying procedure and content, pupils learn the schemes they take away to get, bring forth, economic consumption, and communicate cognition. And, eventually, by feel at the capable countries from multiple personal, cultural, and diachronic positions, pupils develop empathy for the experiences, feelings, and universe positions of others.The new exposition of larning can function as the personate for reconstituting a course of study. By utilizing a new school-based description of encyclopaedism, drawn from the research-based definition of achievement, all members of a school federation and its broader comm social unity can develop a common linguistic communication for course of study reform. Sharing this linguistic communication will assist construct a community of persons who have a common example for curricular reform. They will hold a footing for rethinking, as a community, the content and purpose of the course of study.In add-on, all professionals in the school will come to see that the reforms in their ain subjects whether it be linguistic communication human-centered disciplines, mathematics, scientific discipline, or societal surveies have a common footing, since all reforms are guided by a common research base and conceptual model for larning. Therefore, they can do curricular alterations as a community, and they besides can hold common land for interdisciplinary stresss. The features of a thought course of study will go portion of the school guardianship that the school as a substantial and its community formulate in coaction. Mention hypertext transfer protocol //www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/science/sc4anew.htmIntroduction AA discipline OrganizationA is the term given to a company that facilitates the acquirement of its members and continuously transforms itself. Learning Organizations develop as a consequence of the force per unit areas confronting modern organisations and enables them to prevail emulous in the concern environment. A Learning Organization has five question characteristics systems thought, personal command, mental notional accounts, dual-lane vision and police team encyclopaedismLearning organisations are organisations where people continually disperse their capacity to make the consequences they genuinely desire, where new and expansive forms of thought are nurtured, where corporate aspiration is set free, and where people are contin ually larning to see the whole together. ( Senge 1990 3 )The Learning Company is a vision of what might be possible. It is non brought approximately merely by developing persons it can merely go on as a consequence of encyclopaedism at the whole organisation floor. Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the acquisition of all its members and continuously transforms itself. ( baby buggy et. Al. 1991 1 )Learning organisations are characterized by entire employee engagement in a procedure of collaboratively conducted, jointly accountable alteration directed towards shared values or rules. ( Watkins and Mar ill 1992 118 )Learning OrganizationLearning is the power of growing, and mavin acquisition is the resource of concern growing. establish on the organisation metaphor in organisation theory, Sense ( 1990 ) introduced larning organisation theory. The donnish definition of the learning organisation covers single, group, and organisational acquisition with the attempt for organisational and single acquisition. It is a type of corporate activity to make the organisation s shared vision. Many books have been published about the learning organisation and many research documents have presented the impact of assorted variables on larning organisations.Four types of organisational subtletys war-ridden finish in a organisationLearning socialisation in a organisationBureaucratic Culture in a organisationParticipative Culture in a organisationThe Conceptual Framework organisational Culture Learning Organizationa? Bureaucratic Culture a? ain Masterya? war-ridden Culture a? Mental positionsa? Participative Culture a? Shared Visiona? Learning Culture a? systemic Thinkinga? police team LearningBureaucratic culture that type of civilization of organisational civilization characterized by low environmental pas seul and low internal integrating.Competitive civilization A type of organisational where civilization characterized by highschoolenvironm ental version and low internal integrating. There is a competition between the organisations environment translation is high and low internal integrating.Participative civilization A type of organisational civilization characterized by lowEnvironmental version and high internal integrating.Learning civilization A type of organisational civilization characterized by high environment adaptation and high internal integrating.Emergence of Learning OrganizationsThe new species and plan of organisations is called a acquisition organisation, and it increase the capableness toThe act in a clip adapt more readily to environmental impacts.Move faster to the development of new merchandises, procedures, and services.Become more adept at larning from rivals and confederates with the aid of practical accomplishmentsSpeedA up the development of the transportation of cognition from one portion of the organisation to another portion of the organisation.Learn more efficaciously from its errors i n a learning organisation.Make greater organisational usage of employees at the all degrees of the organisation.Short clip of period required to implement strategic alterations.To develop uninterrupted betterment in all countries of the organisation.Organizations that learn More quick will be able to harbour accomplished quickly and without hold and thereby accomplish important strategic advantages.There are four major countries, which have changed deeply over the last old ages1. Economic environment, societal environment and scientific environment.Globalization.Economic and marketing competition of organisations.Environmental stop ecological force per unit areas of organisations.new scientific disciplines of The subdivision of natural philosophies based on quantumA theory and crazy house theory ( understanding of quantum natural philosophies essence that one can non foretell with absolute certainty, that pandemonium is a portion of the world )Knowledge of the today s environmen t ( cognition that exists in an organisation is the enumerate of everything and everybody in your company knows that gives you a competitory border. The greatest challenge is to make an organisation that can redistribute its cognition. )Social unstableness in the workplace environmentinformation engineering and the in unformatted organisation ( Unformatted organisations are able to instantly get information that can be used to assume a occupation done, bring forth new information as a byproduct, and develop new information ) complex body part of organisation and size of organisation get word resource of the concern is non capital, or forces, or installations, but instead cognition, and information, and thoughts. Another signifier of restructuring is a practical organisation, a ephemeral web of independent companies, providers, clients, and even challengers cogitate by information engineering to portion their accomplishments, costs, and entree to one another s markets. Three ot her emerging care theories deriving popularity is reengineering nucleus competences and organisational architecture.Quality direction motion ( Competitive advantage comes from the uninterrupted, incremental invention and polish of a assortment of thoughts that spread throughout the organisation.Workforce assortment and mobilityBoom in impermanent aid3. The client outlooks ( cost, quality, clip, service, invention, and customization )4. Workers ( Those who make steady cash advance will hold job identifier accomplishments, job work outing accomplishments and strategic ingredient accomplishments. Corporations depend on the specialised cognition of their employees. Knowledge workers do, in fact, own the agencies of occupation and they can take it out of the entry with them at any minute. )The Systems-Lined Organization ModelA consistently define larning organisation is an organisation which learns strongly and jointly and is continually transforming itself to better roll up, manag e, and usage cognition for corporate success. It empowers people within and alfresco the company to larn as they work.Organizational larning refers to how organisational acquisition occurs, the accomplishments and procedures of edifice and utilizing cognition.There are a figure of dimensions of a learning organisationLearning is accomplished by the organisational system as a whole.Organizational members recognise the importance of ongoing administration broad acquisition.Learning is a uninterrupted, strategically used procedure corporate with and running parallel to work.There is a focal point on creative thinking and productive acquisition.Systems believing is cardinalPeoples have uninterrupted entree to information and information resources.A corporate clime exists that encourages, wagess, and accelerates single and group acquisition.Workers web indoors and alfresco the administration.Change is embraced, and surprises and even failures are viewed as chances to larn.It is nimbl e and flexible.Everyone is driven by a desire for quality and uninterrupted betterment.Activities are characterised by aspiration, contemplation, and conceptualization.There are well-developed nucleus competences that serve as a taking-off point for new merchandises and services.It possesses the ability to continuously accommodate, regenerate, and restore itself in response to the altering environment.The systems-linked acquisition organisation theoretical account is made up of five closely unified subsystems acquisition, organisation, people, cognition, and engineering. If any subsystem is weak or absent, the effectivity of the other subsystems is significantly weakened. Marquardt discusses each of the subsystems in their ain chapters so I wo nt travel into the inside informations here. redoing Dynamic Learning through the OrganizationThe acquisition subsystem is composed of threesome complementary dimensions1. Degrees of acquisition ( single, group and organizational )2. Types of acquisition ( adaptative acquisition, anticipatory acquisition, deuteron acquisition and active acquisition )3. Critical organisational acquisition accomplishments ( systems believing, mental theoretical accounts, personal command, squad acquisition, shared vision, and duologue )Learning, finally, is a societal phenomenon our ability to larn and the quality and receptivity of our relationships find what we can cognize. Our mental theoretical accounts of the universe and of ourselves grow out of our relationships with others.DegreesLearning in organisations can happen at three degrees. Individual acquisition is call for since persons form the units of groups and organisations, or as Senge asserts organisations learn merely through persons who learn . The factors that can lend to single acquisition in the organisation includeIndividual and corporate answerability for larningLocus and focal point of single acquisition ( larning should hold immediate application to the occupati on. )Accelerated larning techniques. own(prenominal) development program ( people recognize that employers can non vouch them long employment but that they can help them in accomplishing womb-to-tomb employability. There should be a coalition between the organisation and the employee to help in the long-run calling Development. )Abundant chances unattached for professional developmentIndividual acquisition linked to organisational acquisition in an evident and structured manner.Group/team acquisition means that work squads must be able to believe and make and larn as an entity. They must larn how to infract create and gaining control acquisition ( larning to larn ) . A successful squad larning system ensures that squads portion their experiences with other groups in the organisation. Team acquisition will happen more to the full if squads are rewarded for the acquisition they can to the organisation. Marquardt uses Watkins and Mar sick s squad acquisition theoretical account t hat shows the larning organisation as the brotherhood of persons and organisation. The key is the convergence,Which is where teams map?Discipline of Team LearningThe subject of squad acquisition begins with duologue that allows the members to forefend their premises, engage in free-flowing communicating to detect penetrations non come-at-able separately, and acknowledge the forms of interaction in squads that undermine larning. Forms of defensiveness frequently are deeply engrained in squad operations. Unrecognized or unacknowledged forms undermine acquisition, but if they are recognized and allowed to come up creatively, they can speed up acquisition.TypesThere are four types in which organisations learn1. accommodative acquisition occurs when an person or organisation learns from experience and contemplation action? issuing? consequences day of the month? verbal expression. Adaptive acquisition may be either single-loop ( cerebrate on deriving information to arouse and keep bing systems ) or dual eyelet ( oppugning the system itself and why the mistakes or successes occurred in the first topographic point ) .2. prevenient larning arises when an organisation learns from anticipating the hereafter vision? Reflection? action attack.3. Deuteron acquisition occurs when the organisation learns from critically reflecting upon its taken for given premises.4. Active larning involves ( a group/team ) working on existent jobs, concentrating on the acquisition acquired, and really implementing solutions.SkillsMarquardt has added Dialogue to the five critical organizational acquisition accomplishments identified by slit Senge1. Systems thought A model for visual perception interrelatednesss instead than additive cause-effect ironss, for seeing unsaid in constructions instead than events, for seeing forms of alteration instead than snapshots. Changes in one portion of the organisation can impact other parts with surprising effects.2. Mental theoretical accounts An image or position of an event, state of affairs, activity or construct3. Personal command A particular degree of proficiency that is committed to continually better and hone accomplishments, a subject of continually clear uping and intensifying one s personal vision, energies, and forbearance.4. Team acquisition The procedure of alining and developing the capacity of a squad to make the acquisition and consequences that its members seek. The squad involved must larn to tap the ascendance of many heads to go more nimble than one head.5. Shared vision Provides a focal point, way and energy for the members of an organisation. And acquisition is a manner of endeavoring to carry through that vision.6. Dialogue promotes roll uping thought and communicating. crystalize 10 schemes to construct larning subsystems1. Develop action larning plans throughout the organisation ( clip and attempt )2. Increase persons ability to larn how to larn3. Develop the subject of duologue in the organis ation4. Develop calling development programs for employability5. Establish self-development hard currency plans6. Construct team-learning accomplishments7. Encourage and pattern systems believing8. Use scanning and scenario planning for anticipatory acquisition9. Encourage/Expand diverseness, multicultural and sublunary mentalities and propensities10. Change the mental theoretical account relation to larning ( most people oblige a negative image of acquisition, one acquired in their school yearss ) .